Jackson2013-Status and Trendsof Caribbean Coral Reefs

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7 Nagelkerkan, Bimini 2006 1 X Ivan* 8 Hay 1984 9 Eleuthera 1981 1 X 9 Reef Check* Andros; Paradise Island 1999-2000, 2002-2007 8 X a Hixon, Mark; Exuma Cays 1993-2005 Stallings, Land and Sea 13 X Chris* Park (ECLSP) b Dustan, Phil; Iguana Cay, 1991, 2004 King, Allison; Exuma 2 X Pante, Eric* 10 c Bauer 1980 11 1978 1 X Fig. 2.2 Average percent cover of live corals (A) and macroalgae (B), density of Diadema antillarum (C), and biomass of parrotfishes and groupers (D) in Bahamas. Dotted line represents the average of Caribbean data collected for this report (codes as in Table 2.1 and Figure 2.1). Timeline 950-1500: Fishing by dugout canoe using spears, nets, hook and line and traps (Blick 2007) 1890-1930s: First coral reef studies of Andros Island (Agassiz 1895; Ray 1998) 1950: Development of mass tourism on New Providence (Cleare 2007; Palmer 1994) 1958-1959: Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park and Bahamas National Trust established (Ray 1998) 1968-1969: Minor coral bleaching on Andros Island, causing ~8% coral mortality, significant coral disease observed at Andros Island (Gintert 2011) 1970s: Fleshy macroalgae common on some Andros Island fore reefs (Gintert 2011) 1972: Pelican Cays Land and Sea Park established 1983: Bleaching event at Gingerbread Grounds, Grand Bahama Bank (Wells 1988) 1984: Mass die-off of Diadema antillarum (Lessios et al. 1984) 1985: White band disease recorded (Rogers 1985) 1986: Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park made fully no-take 1987: Minor coral bleaching on Andros Island, Lee Stocking Island 1990: Minor bleaching event 1991: Lee Stocking Island patch reef coral cover 13% (Pante et al. 2008) 1993: Minor bleaching event, Lee Stocking Island (Anthony et al. 1997) 1994: CARICOMP monitoring at San Salvador: coral cover 9.6%, algal cover 17.5% (Wilkinson 2000) 1995: Minor bleaching event (Linton et al. 2002); In the Exuma Cays, coral cover on shallow (
1997-1998: Massive, widespread coral bleaching: On Andros reefs, 10-80% of corals bleached (Kramer et al. 2003a); More than 60% shallow water (
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Status and Trends of Caribbean Cora
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Dedication: This book is dedicated
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Phase shifts ......................
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Introduction This is the 9th status
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Acknowledgments, Co-sponsors, and S
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Jeremy Jackson
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STRATEGY AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT R
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The greatest overall changes in cor
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heating events are surprisingly fla
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PART I: OVERVIEW AND SYNTHESIS FOR
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A B C FIGURE 2. Decline in the comp
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Sampling units are defined as follo
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Table 2. List of coral reef locatio
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Country or Territory Location # of
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Compilation of the great majority o
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Two other major survey programs beg
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mean of 14.3 % (+2.0, -1.8). This l
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Changes in coral cover were similar
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FIGURE 13. Large-scale shifts from
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TABLE 5. Changes in coral and macro
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The disparate reef histories in Fig
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2b. ECOLOGICAL EXTINCTION OF FORMER
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Decline of Diadema antillarum Diade
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Table 7. Numbers of visitors and re
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Caribbean, where the mass mortality
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FIGURE 26. Percent coral cover in r
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or avoidance behavior by larvae and
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of disease and coral death. These a
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contrast, reefs on the Belize Centr
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TABLE 9. Average secchi disk depths
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Label Country Location DHW 1998 DHW
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2010 are surprisingly flat (Fig. 33
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Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans t
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Bruno et al. 2009). However, our re
Page 69 and 70: is, for example, for degree heating
Page 71 and 72: 1. Ban all trap fishing, spearfishi
Page 73 and 74: Chollett I, Mumby PJ, Müller-Karge
Page 75 and 76: CH, Steneck RS, Tegner MJ, Warner R
Page 77 and 78: Rasher DB, Stout EP, Engel S, Kuban
Page 79 and 80: Appendices Appendix I Field Field O
Page 81 and 82: 80 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN C
Page 101 and 102: Location Reference Data Contributor
Page 107 and 108: Davis GE (1982) A century of natura
Page 109 and 110: Roos PJ (1964) The distribution of
Page 111 and 112: Steneck RS (1994) Is herbivore loss
Page 113 and 114: PART II: REPORTS FOR INDIVIDUAL COU
Page 116 and 117: COUNTRIES, STATES, AND TERRITORIES
Page 118 and 119: Map Code Contributor Time Period Ye
Page 122 and 123: Cheung WWL, Sadovy de Mitcheson Y (
Page 124 and 125: BARBADOS Coauthors: Caroline Bissad
Page 126 and 127: 2003-present: Sporadic outbreaks of
Page 128 and 129: BELIZE Coauthors: Nadia Bood, John
Page 130 and 131: Fig. 4.3 Average percent cover of m
Page 132 and 133: 24 Dustan P, King A, Treml E, Allin
Page 134 and 135: Fig. 5.2 Average percent cover of l
Page 136 and 137: Fricke H, Meischner D (1985) Depth
Page 138 and 139: Map Code Contributor Location Time
Page 140 and 141: 10 Kramer PA, Bischof B.G. (2003) A
Page 142 and 143: Fig. 7.2 Average percent cover of l
Page 144 and 145: CAYMAN ISLANDS Coauthors: Timothy A
Page 146 and 147: Fig. 8.3 Diadema density and biomas
Page 148 and 149: COLOMBIA Coauthors: Alan Friedlande
Page 150 and 151: 1980s-1990: Macrolagal and coral di
Page 152 and 153: Published Data Sources 1 Coral A, C
Page 154 and 155: Map Code Contributor Location Time
Page 156 and 157: CUBA Coauthors: Pedro M. Alcolado,
Page 158 and 159: 2005: Hurricane Dennis (Category 4)
Page 160 and 161: CURAÇAO Coauthors: Rolf Bak, Dolfi
Page 162 and 163: Fig. 12.3 Average density of Diadem
Page 164 and 165: 18 Bruckner AW, Bruckner RJ (2003)
Page 166 and 167: Fig. 14.2 Average percent cover of
Page 168 and 169: Geraldes FX, Vega M, Ramírez H, Ro
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General Literature Borger JL, Stein
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Map Code Contributor Location Time
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Timeline 1878: Black water event ki
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25 Forcucci D (1994) Population den
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Fig. 16.2 Average percent cover of
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Published Data Sources 1 Bright TJ,
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Chevaillier P (1990) Méthodes d’
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GUATEMALA Coauthors: Ana Giró, Mel
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Gutiérrez L (2007) Informe de avan
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JAMAICA Coauthors: Karl Aiken, Robe
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Munro JL, Williams DM (1985) Assess
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Timeline 11,000 CE: Human remains o
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Rodríguez-Martínez RE, Banaszak A
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April 2006: Multibeam mapping of is
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Map Contributor Location Time Perio
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6 Guzmán HM, Guevara CA (2001) Cor
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from disease and bleaching. Disease
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Timeline: 1987: Saba Marine Environ
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Lloyd G (2007) Review of the Policy
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TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS Coauthors: B
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US VIRGIN ISLANDS Coauthors: Richar
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Beets J, Friedlander AM (1999) Eval
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39 Hay ME (1984) Patterns of fish a
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Bastidas C, Cróquer A, Zubillaga A
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Rodríguez-Ramírez A, Bastidas C,
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Jackson2013-Status and Trendsof Caribbean Coral Reefs

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