Jackson2013-Status and Trendsof Caribbean Coral Reefs

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Map Code Contributor Location Time Period Year Count 1 Mitchell, Jerry/ MACC* 1,2 Grand Anse Reef Coral Diadema antillarum Macroalgae 2007, 2009 2 X X Carriacou 1976 1 X 2 Goodwin et al. 1976 3 3 AGRRA* Carriacou 2005 1 X X 4 Weil, Ernesto* West coast 2005-2006, 3 X X 2009 5 Reef Check* 2004 1 X Fish Table. 18.1 Data sources from Grenada. Map codes represent individual studies. For exact location of study, refer to Fig. 18.1; * denotes original data; for full references, refer to published literature sources in the last section. Fig. 18.2 Average percent cover of live corals (A) and macroalgae (B), and density of Diadema antillarum (C) in Grenada. Dotted line represents the average of Caribbean data collected for this report; solid line is drawn through data presented. (Codes same as in Table 18.1 and Figure 18.1) Timeline 1995: Sea egg (Tripneustes ventricosus) fishery moratorium (continued to present). 1999: Severe storm surge associated with the passage of Hurricane Lenny (widespread physical damage to coral reefs on west coast of Grenada) 1999: Mass mortality of reef fish in Grenada and some other Caribbean islands 2004: Hurricane Ivan (Category 3) 2005: Hurricane Emily (Category 1); coral bleaching event. 2008: Coral bleaching event 2010: Mass mortality of reefs fish and eels on west coast of Grenada 2010: Coral bleaching event 2010: Sandy Island Oyster Bed MPA and Moliniere/Beausejour MPA management plan implemented and warden patrols commence. 2011: Lionfish Pterois volitans first documented. General Literature Anderson R, Morrall C, Nimrod S, Balza R, Berg CJ, et al. (2012) Benthic and fish population monitoring in the nearshore waters of Grenada, Eastern Caribbean Revista de Biología Tropical 60: 71-87. Bouchon C, Portillo P, Bouchon-Navaro Y, Louis M, Hoetjes P, et al. (2008) Status of coral reefs of the Lesser Antilles: the French West Indies, the Netherlands Antilles, Anguilla, Antigua, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago. In: Wilkinson C, editor. Status of coral reefs of the world: 2008. Townsville, Australia: Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre (RRRC). pp. 265-280. STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012 185
Mitchell J (2010) Baseline coral reef monitoring program for Sandy Island Oyster Bed Marine Protected Area mooring buoy installation project. Report. Windward Islands Research and Educational Foundation and The Nature Conservancy. 17 p. Mohammed E, Rennie J (2003) Grenada and the Grenadines: Reconstructed Fisheries Catches and Fishing Effort, 1942-2001. From Mexico to Brazil: Central Atlantic fisheries catch trends and ecosystem models Fisheries Center Research Reports 11(6). Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia. pp. 264. Nayar R (2009) The sea urchin fishery in Grenada: A case study of social-ecological networks. Masters Thesis. Winnipeg, MB, Canada: Natural Resources Institute, Faculty of Environment Earth and Resources, University of Manitoba. Published Data Sources 1 Creary M (2009) Coral Reef Monitoring for the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States and Tobago - Year 2. Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC), Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change (MACC). Mona, Jamaica: The University of the West Indies 2 Creary MC (2008) Coral Reef Monitoring for the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States and Tobago - Status of the Coral Reefs. Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC), Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change (MACC). Kingston, Jamaica: Caribbean Coastal Data Centre, Centre for Marine Sciences, University of the West Indies Mona Campus. 94 p. 3 Goodwin MH, Cole MJC, Stewart WE, Zimmerman BL (1976) Species density and associations in Caribbean reef corals. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 24: 19-31. 186 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012
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Status and Trends of Caribbean Cora
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Dedication: This book is dedicated
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Phase shifts ......................
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Introduction This is the 9th status
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Acknowledgments, Co-sponsors, and S
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Jeremy Jackson
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STRATEGY AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT R
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The greatest overall changes in cor
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heating events are surprisingly fla
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PART I: OVERVIEW AND SYNTHESIS FOR
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A B C FIGURE 2. Decline in the comp
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Sampling units are defined as follo
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Table 2. List of coral reef locatio
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Country or Territory Location # of
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Compilation of the great majority o
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Two other major survey programs beg
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mean of 14.3 % (+2.0, -1.8). This l
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Changes in coral cover were similar
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FIGURE 13. Large-scale shifts from
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TABLE 5. Changes in coral and macro
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The disparate reef histories in Fig
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2b. ECOLOGICAL EXTINCTION OF FORMER
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Decline of Diadema antillarum Diade
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Table 7. Numbers of visitors and re
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Caribbean, where the mass mortality
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FIGURE 26. Percent coral cover in r
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or avoidance behavior by larvae and
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of disease and coral death. These a
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contrast, reefs on the Belize Centr
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TABLE 9. Average secchi disk depths
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Label Country Location DHW 1998 DHW
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2010 are surprisingly flat (Fig. 33
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Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans t
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Bruno et al. 2009). However, our re
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is, for example, for degree heating
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1. Ban all trap fishing, spearfishi
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Chollett I, Mumby PJ, Müller-Karge
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CH, Steneck RS, Tegner MJ, Warner R
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Rasher DB, Stout EP, Engel S, Kuban
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Appendices Appendix I Field Field O
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80 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN C
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Location Reference Data Contributor
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Davis GE (1982) A century of natura
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Roos PJ (1964) The distribution of
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Steneck RS (1994) Is herbivore loss
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PART II: REPORTS FOR INDIVIDUAL COU
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COUNTRIES, STATES, AND TERRITORIES
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Map Code Contributor Time Period Ye
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7 Nagelkerkan, Bimini 2006 1 X Ivan
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Cheung WWL, Sadovy de Mitcheson Y (
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BARBADOS Coauthors: Caroline Bissad
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2003-present: Sporadic outbreaks of
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BELIZE Coauthors: Nadia Bood, John
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Fig. 4.3 Average percent cover of m
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24 Dustan P, King A, Treml E, Allin
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Fig. 5.2 Average percent cover of l
Page 136 and 137: Fricke H, Meischner D (1985) Depth
Page 138 and 139: Map Code Contributor Location Time
Page 140 and 141: 10 Kramer PA, Bischof B.G. (2003) A
Page 142 and 143: Fig. 7.2 Average percent cover of l
Page 144 and 145: CAYMAN ISLANDS Coauthors: Timothy A
Page 146 and 147: Fig. 8.3 Diadema density and biomas
Page 148 and 149: COLOMBIA Coauthors: Alan Friedlande
Page 150 and 151: 1980s-1990: Macrolagal and coral di
Page 152 and 153: Published Data Sources 1 Coral A, C
Page 156 and 157: CUBA Coauthors: Pedro M. Alcolado,
Page 158 and 159: 2005: Hurricane Dennis (Category 4)
Page 160 and 161: CURAÇAO Coauthors: Rolf Bak, Dolfi
Page 162 and 163: Fig. 12.3 Average density of Diadem
Page 164 and 165: 18 Bruckner AW, Bruckner RJ (2003)
Page 166 and 167: Fig. 14.2 Average percent cover of
Page 168 and 169: Geraldes FX, Vega M, Ramírez H, Ro
Page 170 and 171: General Literature Borger JL, Stein
Page 174 and 175: Timeline 1878: Black water event ki
Page 176 and 177: 25 Forcucci D (1994) Population den
Page 180 and 181: Published Data Sources 1 Bright TJ,
Page 184 and 185: Chevaillier P (1990) Méthodes d’
Page 188 and 189: GUATEMALA Coauthors: Ana Giró, Mel
Page 190 and 191: Gutiérrez L (2007) Informe de avan
Page 194 and 195: JAMAICA Coauthors: Karl Aiken, Robe
Page 198 and 199: Munro JL, Williams DM (1985) Assess
Page 202 and 203: Timeline 11,000 CE: Human remains o
Page 204 and 205: Rodríguez-Martínez RE, Banaszak A
Page 206 and 207: April 2006: Multibeam mapping of is
Page 210 and 211: Map Contributor Location Time Perio
Page 212 and 213: 6 Guzmán HM, Guevara CA (2001) Cor
Page 216 and 217: from disease and bleaching. Disease
Page 218 and 219: Timeline: 1987: Saba Marine Environ
Page 224 and 225: Lloyd G (2007) Review of the Policy
Page 230 and 231: TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS Coauthors: B
Page 232 and 233: US VIRGIN ISLANDS Coauthors: Richar
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Beets J, Friedlander AM (1999) Eval
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39 Hay ME (1984) Patterns of fish a
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Fig. 34.2 Average percent cover of
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Bastidas C, Cróquer A, Zubillaga A
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Rodríguez-Ramírez A, Bastidas C,
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