Jackson2013-Status and Trendsof Caribbean Coral Reefs

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Label Country Location DHW 1998 DHW2005 DHW2010 Change after 1998 Change after 2005 Change after 2010 Prop. change overall Seechi disk depth (m) Parrot fish bio mass 31 Dominican Republic North 1.7 7.7 4.6 -2.1 3.1 21.3 32 Dominican Republic Punta Cana 5.7 7.1 6.2 3.9 33 Dominican Republic South 6.3 9.9 18.1 -10.6 9.2 34 French Antilles Guadeloupe 9.1 18.8 15.2 -12.8 3.5 35 French Antilles Martinique 4.4 12.5 15.7 -10.8 36 French Antilles St. Barthelemy 3.7 12.8 6.6 -8.8 -0.9 37 Grenada Grenada other 9 12.7 15.9 38 Grenada Leeward 9 12.7 15.9 39 Guatemala Guatemala 17.9 8.4 6 3 9.9 40 Honduras Bay Islands 9.6 8.6 10.5 11.8 21.6 41 Honduras Near shore 15.4 9.2 10.5 22.5 12 42 Jamaica Jamaica Montego Bay 7.2 6.1 6.6 -2.4 4.6 19.4 43 Jamaica Jamaica North central 7.2 6.1 6.6 2.3 3 13.7 1.2 6.9 19.6 44 Jamaica Jamaica Northeast 5.5 4.2 9 5.4 45 Jamaica Pedro Bank 12.4 5.6 6.4 15.4 14.7 46 Jamaica Port Royal Cays 5.1 3 4.3 47 Jamaica Jamaica West 6.8 4.6 4.8 2.4 -0.2 8.1 7.8 48 Mexico Alacran 5.6 0.5 1.6 49 Mexico Chinchorro Bank 5.8 6.2 10.6 1.4 7.9 50 Mexico Cozumel Leeward 4.5 6.2 4.1 -13.3 1 3.5 12.1 51 Mexico Cozumel Windward 4.8 6.2 4.1 0.7 9.2 52 Mexico North East Yucatan 5.9 8.9 6 11.3 -3.6 6.2 7.9 53 Mexico South East Yucatan 13.6 7.4 10.6 5.1 15.9 54 Mexico Veracruz 3.9 2.9 0.7 56 Netherlands Bonaire Leeward 10.2 16 12.5 3.2 5.4 15 0.2 32.3 37.1 57 Netherlands Bonaire Windward 8.3 11.4 9.4 19.1 9.7 58 Netherlands Saba 4.9 13.2 8.7 4.1 13.5 59 Netherlands Saba Bank 4.4 12.3 7.5 14.5 60 Netherlands St. Eustatius 4.4 12.3 7.5 23 61 Nicaragua Corn Islands 5.6 5.6 10.2 5.1 62 Panama Bahia Las Minas 5.9 5.4 2.3 0.2 1.4 0.1 0 Coral Cover since 2005 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012 59
Label Country Location DHW 1998 DHW2005 DHW2010 Change after 1998 Change after 2005 Change after 2010 Prop. change overall Seechi disk depth (m) Parrot fish bio mass 63 Panama Bocas del Toro 7.9 6.8 5.8 -9.3 12.3 13.6 64 Panama Costa Arriba 4.1 2.2 0.6 2.7 -1.4 0.3 -0.1 65 Panama Panama San Blas 7.9 5.7 1.6 13.3 66 Puerto Rico Guanica 8.6 15.3 10.3 67 Puerto Rico Jobos Bay 5.2 7.2 12.5 2.1 8.7 68 Puerto Rico La Paguera 7.4 10 12.1 -0.7 -14.2 -0.3 -0.7 10.2 5.6 19.2 70 Puerto Rico Turrumote 7.4 10 12 9.5 23.8 71 Puerto Rico Vieques & Culebra 8.6 16 10.7 -18.1 19 8.1 72 St. Kitts & Nevis St. Kitts & Nevis 6.6 14 10.5 3.2 13 11.1 73 St. Lucia St. Lucia Leeward 6.1 13.7 13.4 74 St. Martin St. Martin 3.7 12.8 6.6 12.1 75 St. Vincent Grenadines 7.4 14.8 16.2 16.7 19.5 76 St. Vincent St. Vincent 7.5 13.5 14.7 6.8 24.9 77 Trinidad & Tobago Trinidad & Tobago 9.9 10.8 14 9.9 -7.7 -0.4 0.2 78 Turks & Caicos Islands Turks & Caicos Islands 2.7 8.5 4.7 7.4 79 U.S.A Dry Tortugas 3.7 0.6 2 -2 0.5 7.5 8 80 U.S.A Flower Garden Banks 3.1 6.2 8 35.8 53.1 81 U.S.A Lower Florida Keys 6.7 2.8 3.6 -7.7 -5.1 2.8 -0.3 24.2 10.3 82 U.S.A Middle Florida Keys 9 4.1 6.2 -3.5 -4.6 0.5 -0.1 8.4 8 83 U.S.A Southeast Florida 6.8 4.1 3.9 -4.6 -1.7 3.6 2.8 84 U.S.A Upper Florida Keys 8.3 4.1 6.2 -8.8 -2 0.1 -0.5 20.3 6.1 85 U.S. Virgin Islands USVI St. Croix 8.6 15.3 11.6 -7.7 -5.9 -2 -0.8 13.1 4.7 86 U.S. Virgin Islands USVI St. Thomas 5.5 10.4 6.5 14.3 -7.5 11.4 13.6 88 U.S. Virgin Islands USVI St. John 8.6 15.3 10.3 -3.1 -7.7 2.3 -0.5 8.3 10.1 89 Venezuela Los Roques 13.4 16.2 16.8 0.7 -25 60.7 31 90 Venezuela Morrocoy 11.5 13.3 15.7 -10.2 1.8 -6.5 -0.2 12.9 Coral Cover since 2005 60 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012
Page 1 and 2:
Status and Trends of Caribbean Cora
Page 3 and 4:
Dedication: This book is dedicated
Page 5 and 6:
Phase shifts ......................
Page 7 and 8:
Introduction This is the 9th status
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgments, Co-sponsors, and S
Page 11 and 12: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Jeremy Jackson
Page 13 and 14: STRATEGY AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT R
Page 15 and 16: The greatest overall changes in cor
Page 17 and 18: heating events are surprisingly fla
Page 19 and 20: PART I: OVERVIEW AND SYNTHESIS FOR
Page 21 and 22: A B C FIGURE 2. Decline in the comp
Page 23 and 24: Sampling units are defined as follo
Page 25 and 26: Table 2. List of coral reef locatio
Page 27 and 28: Country or Territory Location # of
Page 29 and 30: Compilation of the great majority o
Page 31 and 32: Two other major survey programs beg
Page 33 and 34: mean of 14.3 % (+2.0, -1.8). This l
Page 35 and 36: Changes in coral cover were similar
Page 37 and 38: FIGURE 13. Large-scale shifts from
Page 39 and 40: TABLE 5. Changes in coral and macro
Page 41 and 42: The disparate reef histories in Fig
Page 43 and 44: 2b. ECOLOGICAL EXTINCTION OF FORMER
Page 45 and 46: Decline of Diadema antillarum Diade
Page 47 and 48: Table 7. Numbers of visitors and re
Page 49 and 50: Caribbean, where the mass mortality
Page 51 and 52: FIGURE 26. Percent coral cover in r
Page 53 and 54: or avoidance behavior by larvae and
Page 55 and 56: of disease and coral death. These a
Page 57 and 58: contrast, reefs on the Belize Centr
Page 59: TABLE 9. Average secchi disk depths
Page 63 and 64: 2010 are surprisingly flat (Fig. 33
Page 65 and 66: Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans t
Page 67 and 68: Bruno et al. 2009). However, our re
Page 69 and 70: is, for example, for degree heating
Page 71 and 72: 1. Ban all trap fishing, spearfishi
Page 73 and 74: Chollett I, Mumby PJ, Müller-Karge
Page 75 and 76: CH, Steneck RS, Tegner MJ, Warner R
Page 77 and 78: Rasher DB, Stout EP, Engel S, Kuban
Page 79 and 80: Appendices Appendix I Field Field O
Page 81 and 82: 80 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN C
Page 101 and 102: Location Reference Data Contributor
Page 107 and 108: Davis GE (1982) A century of natura
Page 109 and 110: Roos PJ (1964) The distribution of
Page 111 and 112:
Steneck RS (1994) Is herbivore loss
Page 113 and 114:
PART II: REPORTS FOR INDIVIDUAL COU
Page 116 and 117:
COUNTRIES, STATES, AND TERRITORIES
Page 118 and 119:
Map Code Contributor Time Period Ye
Page 120 and 121:
7 Nagelkerkan, Bimini 2006 1 X Ivan
Page 122 and 123:
Cheung WWL, Sadovy de Mitcheson Y (
Page 124 and 125:
BARBADOS Coauthors: Caroline Bissad
Page 126 and 127:
2003-present: Sporadic outbreaks of
Page 128 and 129:
BELIZE Coauthors: Nadia Bood, John
Page 130 and 131:
Fig. 4.3 Average percent cover of m
Page 132 and 133:
24 Dustan P, King A, Treml E, Allin
Page 134 and 135:
Fig. 5.2 Average percent cover of l
Page 136 and 137:
Fricke H, Meischner D (1985) Depth
Page 138 and 139:
Map Code Contributor Location Time
Page 140 and 141:
10 Kramer PA, Bischof B.G. (2003) A
Page 142 and 143:
Fig. 7.2 Average percent cover of l
Page 144 and 145:
CAYMAN ISLANDS Coauthors: Timothy A
Page 146 and 147:
Fig. 8.3 Diadema density and biomas
Page 148 and 149:
COLOMBIA Coauthors: Alan Friedlande
Page 150 and 151:
1980s-1990: Macrolagal and coral di
Page 152 and 153:
Published Data Sources 1 Coral A, C
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
CUBA Coauthors: Pedro M. Alcolado,
Page 158 and 159:
2005: Hurricane Dennis (Category 4)
Page 160 and 161:
CURAÇAO Coauthors: Rolf Bak, Dolfi
Page 162 and 163:
Fig. 12.3 Average density of Diadem
Page 164 and 165:
18 Bruckner AW, Bruckner RJ (2003)
Page 166 and 167:
Fig. 14.2 Average percent cover of
Page 168 and 169:
Geraldes FX, Vega M, Ramírez H, Ro
Page 170 and 171:
General Literature Borger JL, Stein
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Timeline 1878: Black water event ki
Page 176 and 177:
25 Forcucci D (1994) Population den
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Published Data Sources 1 Bright TJ,
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Chevaillier P (1990) Méthodes d’
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
GUATEMALA Coauthors: Ana Giró, Mel
Page 190 and 191:
Gutiérrez L (2007) Informe de avan
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
JAMAICA Coauthors: Karl Aiken, Robe
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Munro JL, Williams DM (1985) Assess
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Timeline 11,000 CE: Human remains o
Page 204 and 205:
Rodríguez-Martínez RE, Banaszak A
Page 206 and 207:
April 2006: Multibeam mapping of is
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Map Contributor Location Time Perio
Page 212 and 213:
6 Guzmán HM, Guevara CA (2001) Cor
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
from disease and bleaching. Disease
Page 218 and 219:
Timeline: 1987: Saba Marine Environ
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Lloyd G (2007) Review of the Policy
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS Coauthors: B
Page 232 and 233:
US VIRGIN ISLANDS Coauthors: Richar
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Beets J, Friedlander AM (1999) Eval
Page 238 and 239:
39 Hay ME (1984) Patterns of fish a
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Bastidas C, Cróquer A, Zubillaga A
Page 244:
Rodríguez-Ramírez A, Bastidas C,
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