Jackson2013-Status and Trendsof Caribbean Coral Reefs

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2003–present: Sporadic outbreaks of yellow band disease and black band disease observed, while white plague disease, dark spot disease and Aspergillosis remain at low levels. 2005: Most severe mass bleaching event recorded, average of 70.6% corals bleached. 2007: Sixth monitoring event for the National Coral Reef Monitoring Programme 2010: Mass bleaching, not as severe as in 2005 with an average of 37.3% corals bleached 2011: First lionfish observed 2012: Seventh monitoring event for the National Coral Reef Monitoring Programme General Literature Blackman K (2008) An annotated bibliography of coral reef monitoring and management information related to the Folkestone Marine Reserve, St. James, Barbados. The community-based coral reef monitoring and management project. Report No. 2. . A Caribbean Conservation Association project in collaboration with the National Conservation Commission and the Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies. 26 p. Brathwaite A, Oxenford HA, Roach R (2008) Barbados: A coral paradise. Barbados: Miller Publishing. Fisheries Division (2004) Barbados fisheries management plan 2004-2006. Schemes for the management of fisheries in the waters of Barbados. Barbados: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. 67 p. Goodridge R, Brewster L, Hunte W, Brathwaite A, Nurse L, et al. (2008) Twenty years of coral reef monitoring in Barbados: Benefits to Government and lessons learnt. Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium. LaJeunesse T, Smith R, Finney JC, Oxenford HA (2009) Outbreak and persistence of opportunistic symbiotic dinoflagellates during the 2005 Caribbean mass coral ‘bleaching’ event. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 276: 4139-4148. Lewis JB (1960) The coral reefs and coral communities of Barbados, W.I. Canadian Journal of Zoology 38: 1133-1152. Macintyre IG, Glynn PW, Toscano MA (2007) The demise of a major Acropora palmata bank–barrier reef off the southeast coast of Barbados, West Indies. Coral Reefs 26: 765-773. Mah AJ, Stearn CW (1986) The effect of Hurrican Allen on the Bellairs fringing reef, Barbados. Coral Reefs 4: 169-176. Mahon RS, Hunte W, Oxenford HA, Storey K, Hastings RE (1982) Seasonality in the commercial marine fisheries of Barbados. Proceedings of the 34th Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute. pp. 28-37. Maraj V, Cox SA, Oxenford HA (2010) The current status of the small-scale seine fishery in Barbados. Proceedings of the 64th Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute. San Juan, Puerto Rico. pp. 411-419. McConney P, Mahon RS (1998) Introducing fishery management planning to Barbados. Ocean & Coastal Management 39: 189-195. Oxenford HA, Roach R, Brathwaite A (2008) Large scale coral mortality in Barbados: a delayed response to the 2005 bleaching episode. Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium. Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. pp. 505-509. Oxenford HA, Roach R, Brathwaite A, Nurse L, Goodridge R, et al. (2008) Quantitative observations of a major coral bleaching event in Barbados, Southeastern Caribbean. Climatic Change 87: 435-449. Oxenford HA, Vermeer LA, Wittenberg M (1993) Nearshore benthic marine communities of the west and southwest coasts of Barbados: importance, present status and management recommendations. Report for DELCAN International Corporation Ltd. . Toronto, Canada: CCPU, Government of Barbados. 137 p. Pandolfi J, Jackson JBC (2006) Ecological persistence interrupted in Caribbean coral reefs. Ecology Letters 9: 818-826. Robichaud D, Hunte W, Oxenford HA (1999) Effects of increased mesh size on catch and fishing power of coral reef fish traps. Fisheries Research 39: 275-294. Schuhmann PW, Oxenford HA, Gill D, Staskiewicz T (2011) Landings, costs, net profit and return on investment in two contrasting fisheries: Part 2 – The nearshore trap fishery. Economic valuation of the fisheries of Barbados. Third project report for Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries, Industry and Small Business Development. Barbados: Government of Barbados. 45 p. Wilson SB (1983) A report on the trap fishing industry of Barbados. Report to Barbados Fishery Division. Published Data Sources 1 Allard P (1994) Changes in coral community structure in Barbados: Effects of eutrophication and reduced grazing pressure: McGill University, Montreal. 73 p. 12 Bauer JC (1980) Observations on geographical variations in population density of the echinoid Diadema antillarum within the western north Atlantic. Bulletin of Marine Science 30: 509-515. 8 Hawkins CM, Lewis JB (1982) Ecological energetics of the tropical sea urchin Diadema antillarum Philippi in Barbados, West Indies. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 15: 645-669. 2 Hunte W, Allard P (1994) Temporal changes in coral reef communities on the west and south coasts of Barbados: 1982-1992. Technical report for the Government of Barbados and the Inter-American Development Bank. Washington, D.C. 67 p. 9 Hunte W, Cote I, Tomascik T (1986) On the dynamics of the mass mortality of Diadema antillarum in Barbados. Coral Reefs 4: 135-139. STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012 125
10 Hunte W, Younglao D (1988) Recruitment and population recovery of Diadema antillarum (Echinodermata; Echinoidea) in Barbados. Marine Ecology Progress Series 45: 109-119. 3 Liddell WD, Olhorst SL (1988) Comparison of western Atlantic coral reef communities. Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium. Australia: Utah State University. pp. 281-286. 4 Parker C, Oxenford HA (1998) Barbados. In: Kjerfve B, editor. CARICOMP - Caribbean coral reef, seagrass and mangrove sites Coastal region and small island papers 3. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 177-186. 11 Scoffin TP (1980) Calcium carbonate budget of a fringing reef on the west coast of Barbados. Part II. Erosion, sediments and internal structure. Bulletin of Marine Science 30: 475-508. 5 Scoffin TP (1994) History of a fringing reef on the west coast of Barbados 1974-1992. In: Ginsburg RN, editor. Global Aspects of Coral Reefs: Health, Hazards, and History. Florida: University of Miami. pp. 273-278. 6 Tomascik T, Sander F (1987) Effects of eutrophication on reef-building corals II. Structures of sclearctinian coral communities on fringing reefs, Barbados, West Indies. Marine Biology 94: 53-75. 7 Williams ID, Polunin NVC (2001) Large-scale associations between macroalgal cover and grazer biomass on middepth reefs in the Caribbean. Coral Reefs 19: 358-366. 126 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012
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Status and Trends of Caribbean Cora
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Dedication: This book is dedicated
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Phase shifts ......................
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Introduction This is the 9th status
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Acknowledgments, Co-sponsors, and S
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Jeremy Jackson
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STRATEGY AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT R
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The greatest overall changes in cor
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heating events are surprisingly fla
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PART I: OVERVIEW AND SYNTHESIS FOR
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A B C FIGURE 2. Decline in the comp
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Sampling units are defined as follo
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Table 2. List of coral reef locatio
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Country or Territory Location # of
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Compilation of the great majority o
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Two other major survey programs beg
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mean of 14.3 % (+2.0, -1.8). This l
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Changes in coral cover were similar
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FIGURE 13. Large-scale shifts from
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TABLE 5. Changes in coral and macro
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The disparate reef histories in Fig
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2b. ECOLOGICAL EXTINCTION OF FORMER
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Decline of Diadema antillarum Diade
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Table 7. Numbers of visitors and re
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Caribbean, where the mass mortality
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FIGURE 26. Percent coral cover in r
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or avoidance behavior by larvae and
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of disease and coral death. These a
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contrast, reefs on the Belize Centr
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TABLE 9. Average secchi disk depths
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Label Country Location DHW 1998 DHW
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2010 are surprisingly flat (Fig. 33
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Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans t
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Bruno et al. 2009). However, our re
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is, for example, for degree heating
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1. Ban all trap fishing, spearfishi
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Chollett I, Mumby PJ, Müller-Karge
Page 75 and 76: CH, Steneck RS, Tegner MJ, Warner R
Page 77 and 78: Rasher DB, Stout EP, Engel S, Kuban
Page 79 and 80: Appendices Appendix I Field Field O
Page 81 and 82: 80 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN C
Page 101 and 102: Location Reference Data Contributor
Page 107 and 108: Davis GE (1982) A century of natura
Page 109 and 110: Roos PJ (1964) The distribution of
Page 111 and 112: Steneck RS (1994) Is herbivore loss
Page 113 and 114: PART II: REPORTS FOR INDIVIDUAL COU
Page 116 and 117: COUNTRIES, STATES, AND TERRITORIES
Page 118 and 119: Map Code Contributor Time Period Ye
Page 120 and 121: 7 Nagelkerkan, Bimini 2006 1 X Ivan
Page 122 and 123: Cheung WWL, Sadovy de Mitcheson Y (
Page 124 and 125: BARBADOS Coauthors: Caroline Bissad
Page 128 and 129: BELIZE Coauthors: Nadia Bood, John
Page 130 and 131: Fig. 4.3 Average percent cover of m
Page 132 and 133: 24 Dustan P, King A, Treml E, Allin
Page 134 and 135: Fig. 5.2 Average percent cover of l
Page 136 and 137: Fricke H, Meischner D (1985) Depth
Page 138 and 139: Map Code Contributor Location Time
Page 140 and 141: 10 Kramer PA, Bischof B.G. (2003) A
Page 142 and 143: Fig. 7.2 Average percent cover of l
Page 144 and 145: CAYMAN ISLANDS Coauthors: Timothy A
Page 146 and 147: Fig. 8.3 Diadema density and biomas
Page 148 and 149: COLOMBIA Coauthors: Alan Friedlande
Page 150 and 151: 1980s-1990: Macrolagal and coral di
Page 152 and 153: Published Data Sources 1 Coral A, C
Page 156 and 157: CUBA Coauthors: Pedro M. Alcolado,
Page 158 and 159: 2005: Hurricane Dennis (Category 4)
Page 160 and 161: CURAÇAO Coauthors: Rolf Bak, Dolfi
Page 162 and 163: Fig. 12.3 Average density of Diadem
Page 164 and 165: 18 Bruckner AW, Bruckner RJ (2003)
Page 166 and 167: Fig. 14.2 Average percent cover of
Page 168 and 169: Geraldes FX, Vega M, Ramírez H, Ro
Page 170 and 171: General Literature Borger JL, Stein
Page 174 and 175: Timeline 1878: Black water event ki
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25 Forcucci D (1994) Population den
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Fig. 16.2 Average percent cover of
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Published Data Sources 1 Bright TJ,
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Map Code Contributor Location Time
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Chevaillier P (1990) Méthodes d’
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GUATEMALA Coauthors: Ana Giró, Mel
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Gutiérrez L (2007) Informe de avan
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JAMAICA Coauthors: Karl Aiken, Robe
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Munro JL, Williams DM (1985) Assess
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Timeline 11,000 CE: Human remains o
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Rodríguez-Martínez RE, Banaszak A
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April 2006: Multibeam mapping of is
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Map Contributor Location Time Perio
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6 Guzmán HM, Guevara CA (2001) Cor
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from disease and bleaching. Disease
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Timeline: 1987: Saba Marine Environ
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Lloyd G (2007) Review of the Policy
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TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS Coauthors: B
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US VIRGIN ISLANDS Coauthors: Richar
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Beets J, Friedlander AM (1999) Eval
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39 Hay ME (1984) Patterns of fish a
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Bastidas C, Cróquer A, Zubillaga A
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Rodríguez-Ramírez A, Bastidas C,
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