Jackson2013-Status and Trendsof Caribbean Coral Reefs

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BARBADOS Coauthors: Caroline Bissada-Goode, Angelique Brathwaite, Hazel Oxenford, Nicholas Polunin, Richard Suckoo, Ivor Williams, CARICOMP and Reef Check Geographic Information Coastal Length: 96 km Land Area: 443 km 2 Maritime Area: 186,827 km 2 Population: 282,819 Reef Area: 62 km 2 Number of hurricanes in the past 20 years: 0 Fig. 3.1 Map of Barbados, codes represent studies listed in Table 3.1. Missing map code(s) due to unavailable coordinates. Map Code Contributor Time Period Year Count Coral Diadema antillarum Macroalgae 1 Allard 1994 1 1992 1 X 2 Brathwaite, Angelique* 2 1982, 1987, 1992, 6 X X X 1997, 2002, 2007 3 Liddell & Ohlhorst 1988 3 1977 1 X X 4 Oxenford, Hazle/ 1993-1994, 10 X X X CARICOMP* 4 1998-2002, 2004-2006 5 Scoffin 1993 5 1974, 1981, 1992 3 X 6 Tomascik & Sander 1982 1 X X X 1987 6 7 Williams, Ivor; Polunin, Nicholas* 7 1997 1 X X Fishes Table 3.1 Data sources from Barbados used in current study. Map codes represent individual studies. For exact location of study, refer to Fig. 3.1; * denotes original data; for full references, refer to published literature sources in the last section. STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012 123
Map Code Contributor Time Period Year Count Coral Diadema antillarum 9 Hawkins & Lewis 1982 8 1975-1976 2 X a Hunte et al. 1986 9 1983-1984 2 X b Hunte & Younglao 1983-1985 3 X 1988 10 c Reef Check* 1997, 2001-2005 6 X d Scoffin 1980 11 1978 1 X e Bauer 1980 12 1978 1 X Macroalgae Fishes Fig. 3.2 Average percent cover of live corals (A) and macroalgae (B), and density of Diadema antillarum (C) in Barbados. Dotted line represents the average of Caribbean data collected for this report; solid line is drawn through data presented. (Codes same as in Table 3.1 and Figure 3.1) Timeline 1640s: Clearing of land for sugarcane cultivation resulted in the removal of forests and massive amounts of erosion and sedimentation 1950s: Expansion of the fishing fleet 1955: Hurricane Janet (Category 5) 1950s-60s: Tourism boom begins 1960: Bellairs Research Institute, a field station for McGill University was established, and some of the earliest records of reef health recorded. 1960: Lewis categorizes platforms at Six Mens Bay on the west coast of Barbados 1974: Cave Hill Campus of the University of the West Indies established and stimulates reef research Early 1980s: Acroporid mass mortality from White Band Disease 1982: Coastal Zone Project Unit established and starts the National Coral Reef Monitoring Programme, with local and international scientists; First documentation of a eutrophication gradient on the west coast of the island (Tomascik & Sander 1985); Establishment of the Bridgetown Sewage Treatment Plant 1983: Diadema antillarum mass mortality 1987: Second monitoring event for the National Coral Reef Monitoring Programme 1992: Third monitoring event for the National Coral Reef Monitoring Programme 1997: Fourth monitoring event for the National Coral Reef Monitoring Programme 1998: Bleaching event 2001-2002: First coral disease survey carried out, low but pervasive levels recorded 2002: Establishment of the South Coast Sewerage Project, largely as a result of proving that corals deteriorated along a eutrophication gradient on the west coast; Fifth monitoring event for the National Coral Reef Monitoring Programme 124 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012
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Status and Trends of Caribbean Cora
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Dedication: This book is dedicated
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Phase shifts ......................
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Introduction This is the 9th status
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Acknowledgments, Co-sponsors, and S
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Jeremy Jackson
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STRATEGY AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT R
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The greatest overall changes in cor
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heating events are surprisingly fla
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PART I: OVERVIEW AND SYNTHESIS FOR
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A B C FIGURE 2. Decline in the comp
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Sampling units are defined as follo
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Table 2. List of coral reef locatio
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Country or Territory Location # of
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Compilation of the great majority o
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Two other major survey programs beg
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mean of 14.3 % (+2.0, -1.8). This l
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Changes in coral cover were similar
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FIGURE 13. Large-scale shifts from
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TABLE 5. Changes in coral and macro
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The disparate reef histories in Fig
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2b. ECOLOGICAL EXTINCTION OF FORMER
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Decline of Diadema antillarum Diade
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Table 7. Numbers of visitors and re
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Caribbean, where the mass mortality
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FIGURE 26. Percent coral cover in r
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or avoidance behavior by larvae and
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of disease and coral death. These a
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contrast, reefs on the Belize Centr
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TABLE 9. Average secchi disk depths
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Label Country Location DHW 1998 DHW
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2010 are surprisingly flat (Fig. 33
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Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans t
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Bruno et al. 2009). However, our re
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is, for example, for degree heating
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1. Ban all trap fishing, spearfishi
Page 73 and 74: Chollett I, Mumby PJ, Müller-Karge
Page 75 and 76: CH, Steneck RS, Tegner MJ, Warner R
Page 77 and 78: Rasher DB, Stout EP, Engel S, Kuban
Page 79 and 80: Appendices Appendix I Field Field O
Page 81 and 82: 80 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN C
Page 101 and 102: Location Reference Data Contributor
Page 107 and 108: Davis GE (1982) A century of natura
Page 109 and 110: Roos PJ (1964) The distribution of
Page 111 and 112: Steneck RS (1994) Is herbivore loss
Page 113 and 114: PART II: REPORTS FOR INDIVIDUAL COU
Page 116 and 117: COUNTRIES, STATES, AND TERRITORIES
Page 118 and 119: Map Code Contributor Time Period Ye
Page 120 and 121: 7 Nagelkerkan, Bimini 2006 1 X Ivan
Page 122 and 123: Cheung WWL, Sadovy de Mitcheson Y (
Page 126 and 127: 2003-present: Sporadic outbreaks of
Page 128 and 129: BELIZE Coauthors: Nadia Bood, John
Page 130 and 131: Fig. 4.3 Average percent cover of m
Page 132 and 133: 24 Dustan P, King A, Treml E, Allin
Page 134 and 135: Fig. 5.2 Average percent cover of l
Page 136 and 137: Fricke H, Meischner D (1985) Depth
Page 138 and 139: Map Code Contributor Location Time
Page 140 and 141: 10 Kramer PA, Bischof B.G. (2003) A
Page 142 and 143: Fig. 7.2 Average percent cover of l
Page 144 and 145: CAYMAN ISLANDS Coauthors: Timothy A
Page 146 and 147: Fig. 8.3 Diadema density and biomas
Page 148 and 149: COLOMBIA Coauthors: Alan Friedlande
Page 150 and 151: 1980s-1990: Macrolagal and coral di
Page 152 and 153: Published Data Sources 1 Coral A, C
Page 156 and 157: CUBA Coauthors: Pedro M. Alcolado,
Page 158 and 159: 2005: Hurricane Dennis (Category 4)
Page 160 and 161: CURAÇAO Coauthors: Rolf Bak, Dolfi
Page 162 and 163: Fig. 12.3 Average density of Diadem
Page 164 and 165: 18 Bruckner AW, Bruckner RJ (2003)
Page 166 and 167: Fig. 14.2 Average percent cover of
Page 168 and 169: Geraldes FX, Vega M, Ramírez H, Ro
Page 170 and 171: General Literature Borger JL, Stein
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Timeline 1878: Black water event ki
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25 Forcucci D (1994) Population den
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Fig. 16.2 Average percent cover of
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Published Data Sources 1 Bright TJ,
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Map Code Contributor Location Time
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Chevaillier P (1990) Méthodes d’
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GUATEMALA Coauthors: Ana Giró, Mel
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Gutiérrez L (2007) Informe de avan
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JAMAICA Coauthors: Karl Aiken, Robe
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Munro JL, Williams DM (1985) Assess
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Timeline 11,000 CE: Human remains o
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Rodríguez-Martínez RE, Banaszak A
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April 2006: Multibeam mapping of is
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Map Contributor Location Time Perio
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6 Guzmán HM, Guevara CA (2001) Cor
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from disease and bleaching. Disease
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Timeline: 1987: Saba Marine Environ
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Lloyd G (2007) Review of the Policy
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TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS Coauthors: B
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US VIRGIN ISLANDS Coauthors: Richar
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Beets J, Friedlander AM (1999) Eval
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39 Hay ME (1984) Patterns of fish a
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Bastidas C, Cróquer A, Zubillaga A
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Rodríguez-Ramírez A, Bastidas C,
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