Jackson2013-Status and Trendsof Caribbean Coral Reefs

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25 Forcucci D (1994) Population density, recruitment and 1991 mortality event of Diadema antillarum in the Florida Keys. Bulletin of Marine Science 54: 917-928. 19 Greenstein BJ, Curran HA, Pandolfi JM (1998) Shifting ecological baselines and the demise of Acropora cervicornis in the western North Atlantic and Caribbean Province: a Pleistocene perspective. Coral Reefs 17: 249-261. 16 Jaap WC, Lyons WG, Dustan P, Halas JC (1989) Stony coral (Scleractinia and Milleporina) community structure at Bird Key Reef, Ft. Jefferson National Monument, Dry Tortugas, Florida. St. Petersburg, Florida: Florida Marine Research Institute. 17 Jaap WC, Wheaton JL, Donnelly KB (1992) A three-year evaluation of community dynamics of coral reefs at Fort Jefferson national monument (Dry Tortugas National Park) Dry Tortugas, Florida, USA. Florida Marine Research Institute. 85 p. 23 Kissling DL, Taylor TT (1977) Habitat factors for reef-dwelling ophiuroids in the Florida Keys. Proceedings of the 3rd International Coral Reef Symposium. pp. 225-231. 18 Lirman D, Fong P (1997) Susceptibility of coral communities to storm intensity, duration, and frequency. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium. pp. 561 - 566. 7 Miller SL, Chiappone M, Rutten LM (2009) Large-scale Assessment of the Abundance, Distribution and Condition of Benthic Coral Reef Organisms in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Center for marine Science, University of North Caroline at Wilmington. 8 Miller SL, Swanson DW, Chiappone M (2000) Multiple spatial scale assessment of coral reef and hard-bottom community structure in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Proceedings of the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali, Indonesia. Bali, Indonesia. 13 Newman MJH, Paredes GA, Sala E, Jackson JBC (2006) Structure of Caribbean coral reef communities across a large gradient of fish biomass. Ecology Letters 9: 1216-1227. 20 Pandolfi JM, Greenstein BJ (1997) Preservation of Community Structure in Death Assemblages of Deep-Water Caribbean Reef Corals. Limnology and Oceanography 42: 1505 - 1516. 22 Porter JW, Battey JF, Smith GJ (1982) Perturbation and change in coral reef communities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 79: 1678-1681. 21 Porter JW, Meier OW (1992) Quantification of loss and change in Floridian reef coral populations. American Zoologist 32: 625-640. 9 Ruzicka R, Semon K, Colella M, Brinkhuis V, Kidney J, et al. (2009) Coral reef evaluation & monitoring project 2009 annual report. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute. 110 p. STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012 175
FLOWER GARDEN BANKS Coauthors: Robert Edward Abbott, Thomas Bright, Chris Caldow, Randy Clark, Steve Gittings, Emma Hickerson, AGRRA, Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary (FGBNMS), Office of National Marine Sanctuaries (ONMS) and NOAA Biogeography Branch Geographic Information Number of hurricanes in the past 20 years: 1 Fig. 16.1 Map of Flower Garden Banks, codes represent studies listed in Table 16.1. Grey lines represent bathymetric contours. Missing map code(s) due to unavailable coordinates. Table 16.1 Data sources from Flower Garden Banks. Map codes represent individual studies. For exact location of study, refer to Fig. 16.1; * denotes original data; for full references, refer to published literature sources in the last section. Map Code Contributor Time Period Year Count Coral Diadema antillarum Macroalgae 2006-2007, 1 Bright et al. 1984 1 1974-1980 X average 2 NOAA Biogeography 4 X X X Branch* 2,3 2010-2011 3 AGRRA* 4 1999 1 X X 4 Gittings, Steve; Hickerson, Emma/ FGBNMS* 1978-1983, 1988-1991, 1994-2010 17 X X X Fish 176 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012
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Status and Trends of Caribbean Cora
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Dedication: This book is dedicated
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Phase shifts ......................
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Introduction This is the 9th status
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Acknowledgments, Co-sponsors, and S
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Jeremy Jackson
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STRATEGY AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT R
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The greatest overall changes in cor
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heating events are surprisingly fla
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PART I: OVERVIEW AND SYNTHESIS FOR
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A B C FIGURE 2. Decline in the comp
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Sampling units are defined as follo
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Table 2. List of coral reef locatio
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Country or Territory Location # of
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Compilation of the great majority o
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Two other major survey programs beg
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mean of 14.3 % (+2.0, -1.8). This l
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Changes in coral cover were similar
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FIGURE 13. Large-scale shifts from
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TABLE 5. Changes in coral and macro
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The disparate reef histories in Fig
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2b. ECOLOGICAL EXTINCTION OF FORMER
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Decline of Diadema antillarum Diade
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Table 7. Numbers of visitors and re
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Caribbean, where the mass mortality
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FIGURE 26. Percent coral cover in r
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or avoidance behavior by larvae and
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of disease and coral death. These a
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contrast, reefs on the Belize Centr
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TABLE 9. Average secchi disk depths
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Label Country Location DHW 1998 DHW
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2010 are surprisingly flat (Fig. 33
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Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans t
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Bruno et al. 2009). However, our re
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is, for example, for degree heating
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1. Ban all trap fishing, spearfishi
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Chollett I, Mumby PJ, Müller-Karge
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CH, Steneck RS, Tegner MJ, Warner R
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Rasher DB, Stout EP, Engel S, Kuban
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Appendices Appendix I Field Field O
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80 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN C
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Location Reference Data Contributor
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Davis GE (1982) A century of natura
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Roos PJ (1964) The distribution of
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Steneck RS (1994) Is herbivore loss
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PART II: REPORTS FOR INDIVIDUAL COU
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COUNTRIES, STATES, AND TERRITORIES
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Map Code Contributor Time Period Ye
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7 Nagelkerkan, Bimini 2006 1 X Ivan
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Cheung WWL, Sadovy de Mitcheson Y (
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BARBADOS Coauthors: Caroline Bissad
Page 126 and 127: 2003-present: Sporadic outbreaks of
Page 128 and 129: BELIZE Coauthors: Nadia Bood, John
Page 130 and 131: Fig. 4.3 Average percent cover of m
Page 132 and 133: 24 Dustan P, King A, Treml E, Allin
Page 134 and 135: Fig. 5.2 Average percent cover of l
Page 136 and 137: Fricke H, Meischner D (1985) Depth
Page 138 and 139: Map Code Contributor Location Time
Page 140 and 141: 10 Kramer PA, Bischof B.G. (2003) A
Page 142 and 143: Fig. 7.2 Average percent cover of l
Page 144 and 145: CAYMAN ISLANDS Coauthors: Timothy A
Page 146 and 147: Fig. 8.3 Diadema density and biomas
Page 148 and 149: COLOMBIA Coauthors: Alan Friedlande
Page 150 and 151: 1980s-1990: Macrolagal and coral di
Page 152 and 153: Published Data Sources 1 Coral A, C
Page 156 and 157: CUBA Coauthors: Pedro M. Alcolado,
Page 158 and 159: 2005: Hurricane Dennis (Category 4)
Page 160 and 161: CURAÇAO Coauthors: Rolf Bak, Dolfi
Page 162 and 163: Fig. 12.3 Average density of Diadem
Page 164 and 165: 18 Bruckner AW, Bruckner RJ (2003)
Page 166 and 167: Fig. 14.2 Average percent cover of
Page 168 and 169: Geraldes FX, Vega M, Ramírez H, Ro
Page 170 and 171: General Literature Borger JL, Stein
Page 174 and 175: Timeline 1878: Black water event ki
Page 180 and 181: Published Data Sources 1 Bright TJ,
Page 184 and 185: Chevaillier P (1990) Méthodes d’
Page 188 and 189: GUATEMALA Coauthors: Ana Giró, Mel
Page 190 and 191: Gutiérrez L (2007) Informe de avan
Page 194 and 195: JAMAICA Coauthors: Karl Aiken, Robe
Page 198 and 199: Munro JL, Williams DM (1985) Assess
Page 202 and 203: Timeline 11,000 CE: Human remains o
Page 204 and 205: Rodríguez-Martínez RE, Banaszak A
Page 206 and 207: April 2006: Multibeam mapping of is
Page 210 and 211: Map Contributor Location Time Perio
Page 212 and 213: 6 Guzmán HM, Guevara CA (2001) Cor
Page 216 and 217: from disease and bleaching. Disease
Page 218 and 219: Timeline: 1987: Saba Marine Environ
Page 224 and 225: Lloyd G (2007) Review of the Policy
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Fig. 30.2 Average percent cover of
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TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS Coauthors: B
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US VIRGIN ISLANDS Coauthors: Richar
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Beets J, Friedlander AM (1999) Eval
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39 Hay ME (1984) Patterns of fish a
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Bastidas C, Cróquer A, Zubillaga A
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Rodríguez-Ramírez A, Bastidas C,
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