Jackson2013-Status and Trendsof Caribbean Coral Reefs

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39 Hay ME (1984) Patterns of fish and urchin grazing on Caribbean coral reefs: Are previous results typical? Ecology 65: 446-454. 40 Hay ME, Taylor PR (1985) Competition between herbivorous fishes and urchins on Caribbean reefs. Oecologia 65: 591-598. 41 Karlson RH, Levitan DR (1990) Recruitment-limitation in open populations of Diadema antillarum: an evaluation. Oecologia 82: 40-44. 42 Lessios HA (1988) Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum in the Caribbean - what we have learned. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 19: 371-393. 43 Levitan DR (1988) Algal-urchin biomass responses following mass mortality of Diadema antillarum Philippi at Saint John, U. S. Virgin Islands. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 119: 12. 44 Armstrong RA, Singh H, Torres J, Nemeth RS, Can A, et al. (2006) Characterizing the deep insular shelf coral reef habitat of the Hind Bank marine conservation district (US Virgin Islands) using the Seabed autonomous underwater vehicle. Continental Shelf Research 26: 194-205. 45 Ogden JC, Brown RA, Salesky N (1973) Grazing by the Echinoid Diadema antillarum Philippi: Formation of Halos around West Indian Patch Reefs. Science 182: 3. 46 Ogden JC (1977) Carbonate-sediment production by parrot fish and sea urchins on Caribbean reefs. Studies in geology 4: 281-288. STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012 237
VENEZUELA Coauthors: Carolina Bastidas, Aldo Cróquer, Denise Debrot, Juan Posada, Estrella Villamizar, Ernesto Weil, AGRRA, CARICOMP and Reef Check Geographic Information Coastal Length: 6,680 km Land Area: 911,440 km 2 Maritime Area: 472,651 km 2 Population: 25,927,900 Reef Area: 728 km 2 Number of hurricanes in the past 20 years: 2 Fig. 34.1 Map of Venezuela, codes represent studies listed in Table 34.1. Missing map code(s) due to unavailable coordinates. Table 34.1 Data sources from Venezuela. Map codes represent individual studies. For exact location of study, refer to Fig. 34.1; * denotes original data; for full references, refer to published literature sources in the last section. Map Code Contributor Location Time Period Year Count Coral Diadema antillarum Macroalgae Los Roques 2003-2008 6 X X Los Roques 1999 1 X X X 1 Bastidas, Cróquer, Aldo* 1,2 Carolina; 2 Villamizar, Juan/AGRRA* 3,4 Estrella; Posada, 3 CARICOMP* 5,6 Morrocoy 1996-2011 16 X X 4 Reef Check* 2004 1 X Fishes 238 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012
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Status and Trends of Caribbean Cora
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Dedication: This book is dedicated
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Phase shifts ......................
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Introduction This is the 9th status
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Acknowledgments, Co-sponsors, and S
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Jeremy Jackson
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STRATEGY AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT R
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The greatest overall changes in cor
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heating events are surprisingly fla
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PART I: OVERVIEW AND SYNTHESIS FOR
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A B C FIGURE 2. Decline in the comp
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Sampling units are defined as follo
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Table 2. List of coral reef locatio
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Country or Territory Location # of
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Compilation of the great majority o
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Two other major survey programs beg
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mean of 14.3 % (+2.0, -1.8). This l
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Changes in coral cover were similar
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FIGURE 13. Large-scale shifts from
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TABLE 5. Changes in coral and macro
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The disparate reef histories in Fig
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2b. ECOLOGICAL EXTINCTION OF FORMER
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Decline of Diadema antillarum Diade
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Table 7. Numbers of visitors and re
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Caribbean, where the mass mortality
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FIGURE 26. Percent coral cover in r
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or avoidance behavior by larvae and
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of disease and coral death. These a
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contrast, reefs on the Belize Centr
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TABLE 9. Average secchi disk depths
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Label Country Location DHW 1998 DHW
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2010 are surprisingly flat (Fig. 33
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Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans t
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Bruno et al. 2009). However, our re
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is, for example, for degree heating
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1. Ban all trap fishing, spearfishi
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Chollett I, Mumby PJ, Müller-Karge
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CH, Steneck RS, Tegner MJ, Warner R
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Rasher DB, Stout EP, Engel S, Kuban
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Appendices Appendix I Field Field O
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80 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN C
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Location Reference Data Contributor
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Davis GE (1982) A century of natura
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Roos PJ (1964) The distribution of
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Steneck RS (1994) Is herbivore loss
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PART II: REPORTS FOR INDIVIDUAL COU
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COUNTRIES, STATES, AND TERRITORIES
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Map Code Contributor Time Period Ye
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7 Nagelkerkan, Bimini 2006 1 X Ivan
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Cheung WWL, Sadovy de Mitcheson Y (
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BARBADOS Coauthors: Caroline Bissad
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2003-present: Sporadic outbreaks of
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BELIZE Coauthors: Nadia Bood, John
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Fig. 4.3 Average percent cover of m
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24 Dustan P, King A, Treml E, Allin
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Fig. 5.2 Average percent cover of l
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Fricke H, Meischner D (1985) Depth
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Map Code Contributor Location Time
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10 Kramer PA, Bischof B.G. (2003) A
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Fig. 7.2 Average percent cover of l
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CAYMAN ISLANDS Coauthors: Timothy A
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Fig. 8.3 Diadema density and biomas
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COLOMBIA Coauthors: Alan Friedlande
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1980s-1990: Macrolagal and coral di
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Published Data Sources 1 Coral A, C
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CUBA Coauthors: Pedro M. Alcolado,
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2005: Hurricane Dennis (Category 4)
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CURAÇAO Coauthors: Rolf Bak, Dolfi
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Fig. 12.3 Average density of Diadem
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18 Bruckner AW, Bruckner RJ (2003)
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Fig. 14.2 Average percent cover of
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Geraldes FX, Vega M, Ramírez H, Ro
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General Literature Borger JL, Stein
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Timeline 1878: Black water event ki
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25 Forcucci D (1994) Population den
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Fig. 16.2 Average percent cover of
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Published Data Sources 1 Bright TJ,
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Chevaillier P (1990) Méthodes d’
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Page 188 and 189: GUATEMALA Coauthors: Ana Giró, Mel
Page 190 and 191: Gutiérrez L (2007) Informe de avan
Page 192 and 193: Fig. 20.2 Average percent cover of
Page 194 and 195: JAMAICA Coauthors: Karl Aiken, Robe
Page 198 and 199: Munro JL, Williams DM (1985) Assess
Page 200 and 201: Map Code Contributor Location Time
Page 202 and 203: Timeline 11,000 CE: Human remains o
Page 204 and 205: Rodríguez-Martínez RE, Banaszak A
Page 206 and 207: April 2006: Multibeam mapping of is
Page 210 and 211: Map Contributor Location Time Perio
Page 212 and 213: 6 Guzmán HM, Guevara CA (2001) Cor
Page 214 and 215: Map Code Contributor Location Time
Page 216 and 217: from disease and bleaching. Disease
Page 218 and 219: Timeline: 1987: Saba Marine Environ
Page 224 and 225: Lloyd G (2007) Review of the Policy
Page 230 and 231: TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS Coauthors: B
Page 232 and 233: US VIRGIN ISLANDS Coauthors: Richar
Page 236 and 237: Beets J, Friedlander AM (1999) Eval
Page 242 and 243: Bastidas C, Cróquer A, Zubillaga A
Page 244: Rodríguez-Ramírez A, Bastidas C,
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