Jackson2013-Status and Trendsof Caribbean Coral Reefs

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JAMAICA Coauthors: Karl Aiken, Robert Carpenter, Bernadette Charpentier, Marcia Creary, Rachel D’Silva, Phil Dustan, Peter Edmunds, Peter Gayle, Nakhle Hado, Marah Hardt, Terry Hughes, Joshua Idjadi, Jeremy Jackson, Stephen Jameson, Nancy Knowlton, Judy Lang, Yossi Loya, Gustavo Paredes, Nicholas Polunin, Bob Steneck, Ivor Williams, AGRRA, CPACC, CARICOMP and Reef Check Geographic Information Coastal Length: 894 km Land Area: 11,000 km 2 Maritime Area: 242,311 km 2 Population: 2,798,580 Reef Area: 763 km 2 Number of hurricanes in the past 20 years: 3 Fig. 21.1 Jamaica, codes represent studies listed in Table 21.1. Missing map code(s) due to unavailable coordinates. AGGRA locations are omitted for clarity. Map Code Contributor Location Time Period Year Count Coral Diadema antillarum Macroalgae 1 Andres & North Central 1992 1 X X Witman 1995 1 Jamaica 2 Aronson & Montego 1993-1996, 6 X X X Precht 2000 2 Bay 1998-1999 3 Cho & Woodley Montego 1994, 1997 2 X X 2000 3 Bay, North Central Jamaica 4 CPACC* Islandwide 2001-2003 3 X X Fish Table 21.1 Data sources for Jamaica used in current study. Map codes represent individual studies. For exact location of study, refer to Fig. 21.1; * denotes original data; for full references, refer to published literature sources in the last section. STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012 193
Map Code Contributor Location Time Period Year Count Coral Diadema antillarum Macroalgae 5 Dustan, Phil* Montego 1972-1973 2 X Bay, North Central Jamaica 6 Edmunds & North Central 1984 1 X X X Bruno 1996* 4 Jamaica 7 Edmunds, North Central 2000 1 X X Peter; Jamaica Carpenter, Robert* 8 Gayle, Peter; Islandwide 1994-2007, 18 X X X CARICOMP* 5 Charpentier, 2009-2012 Bernadette/ 9 Hardt, Marah; Paredes, Gustavo* 6 Montego Bay, North Central Jamaica 9 sites islandwide 2006 1 X X X a Hughes, Terry* 7,8,9,10,11,12,13 1977-1990, 1993 15 X X X b Idjadi, Joshua* 14 North Central 2000 1 X X X Jamaica c AGRRA* 15 66 sites 2000, 2005 2 X X X islandwide d Knowlton et al. 1982, 6 X X X 1990 16 Bay, North 1984-1987 Central Jamaica North Central e Liddell & 1992 20 Ohlhorst 1986 17 , Jamaica 1987 18 , 1988 19 , f Loya, Yossi* North Central Jamaica g Steneck, Bob* 21 North Central Jamaica h Williams, Ivor; Polunin, Nicholas* 22 Montego Bay, North Central Jamaica 1977, 1980- 1984, 1987, 1989 1969 1 X 8 X X X Fish 1978, 1982, 1988 3 X X X 1997 1 X X X i Morrison 1988 23 North Central 1982 1 X Jamaica k Sammarco North Central 1973, 1976 2 X 1980 24 , 1982 25 Jamaica m Moses & Bonem North Central 1998 1 X 2001 26 Jamaica n Reef Check* 42 sites 1998, 10 X islandwide 2000-2008 o Knowlton North Central 1997, 1981 2 X 1981 27 Jamaica p Haley & Solandt North Central 1996-2000 6 X 2001 28 Jamaica q Woodley 1999 29 , North Central 1976-1977, 3 X 1981 30 Jamaica 1980 r Karlson 1983 31 North Central 1976-1978 3 X Jamaica s Jackson 1987 32 North Central 1982-1983, 3 X Jamaica 1986 194 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012
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Status and Trends of Caribbean Cora
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Dedication: This book is dedicated
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Phase shifts ......................
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Introduction This is the 9th status
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Acknowledgments, Co-sponsors, and S
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Jeremy Jackson
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STRATEGY AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT R
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The greatest overall changes in cor
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heating events are surprisingly fla
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PART I: OVERVIEW AND SYNTHESIS FOR
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A B C FIGURE 2. Decline in the comp
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Sampling units are defined as follo
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Table 2. List of coral reef locatio
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Country or Territory Location # of
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Compilation of the great majority o
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Two other major survey programs beg
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mean of 14.3 % (+2.0, -1.8). This l
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Changes in coral cover were similar
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FIGURE 13. Large-scale shifts from
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TABLE 5. Changes in coral and macro
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The disparate reef histories in Fig
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2b. ECOLOGICAL EXTINCTION OF FORMER
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Decline of Diadema antillarum Diade
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Table 7. Numbers of visitors and re
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Caribbean, where the mass mortality
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FIGURE 26. Percent coral cover in r
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or avoidance behavior by larvae and
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of disease and coral death. These a
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contrast, reefs on the Belize Centr
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TABLE 9. Average secchi disk depths
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Label Country Location DHW 1998 DHW
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2010 are surprisingly flat (Fig. 33
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Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans t
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Bruno et al. 2009). However, our re
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is, for example, for degree heating
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1. Ban all trap fishing, spearfishi
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Chollett I, Mumby PJ, Müller-Karge
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CH, Steneck RS, Tegner MJ, Warner R
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Rasher DB, Stout EP, Engel S, Kuban
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Appendices Appendix I Field Field O
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80 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN C
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Location Reference Data Contributor
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Davis GE (1982) A century of natura
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Roos PJ (1964) The distribution of
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Steneck RS (1994) Is herbivore loss
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PART II: REPORTS FOR INDIVIDUAL COU
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COUNTRIES, STATES, AND TERRITORIES
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Map Code Contributor Time Period Ye
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7 Nagelkerkan, Bimini 2006 1 X Ivan
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Cheung WWL, Sadovy de Mitcheson Y (
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BARBADOS Coauthors: Caroline Bissad
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2003-present: Sporadic outbreaks of
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BELIZE Coauthors: Nadia Bood, John
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Fig. 4.3 Average percent cover of m
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24 Dustan P, King A, Treml E, Allin
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Fig. 5.2 Average percent cover of l
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Fricke H, Meischner D (1985) Depth
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Map Code Contributor Location Time
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10 Kramer PA, Bischof B.G. (2003) A
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Fig. 7.2 Average percent cover of l
Page 144 and 145: CAYMAN ISLANDS Coauthors: Timothy A
Page 146 and 147: Fig. 8.3 Diadema density and biomas
Page 148 and 149: COLOMBIA Coauthors: Alan Friedlande
Page 150 and 151: 1980s-1990: Macrolagal and coral di
Page 152 and 153: Published Data Sources 1 Coral A, C
Page 154 and 155: Map Code Contributor Location Time
Page 156 and 157: CUBA Coauthors: Pedro M. Alcolado,
Page 158 and 159: 2005: Hurricane Dennis (Category 4)
Page 160 and 161: CURAÇAO Coauthors: Rolf Bak, Dolfi
Page 162 and 163: Fig. 12.3 Average density of Diadem
Page 164 and 165: 18 Bruckner AW, Bruckner RJ (2003)
Page 166 and 167: Fig. 14.2 Average percent cover of
Page 168 and 169: Geraldes FX, Vega M, Ramírez H, Ro
Page 170 and 171: General Literature Borger JL, Stein
Page 174 and 175: Timeline 1878: Black water event ki
Page 176 and 177: 25 Forcucci D (1994) Population den
Page 180 and 181: Published Data Sources 1 Bright TJ,
Page 184 and 185: Chevaillier P (1990) Méthodes d’
Page 188 and 189: GUATEMALA Coauthors: Ana Giró, Mel
Page 190 and 191: Gutiérrez L (2007) Informe de avan
Page 198 and 199: Munro JL, Williams DM (1985) Assess
Page 202 and 203: Timeline 11,000 CE: Human remains o
Page 204 and 205: Rodríguez-Martínez RE, Banaszak A
Page 206 and 207: April 2006: Multibeam mapping of is
Page 210 and 211: Map Contributor Location Time Perio
Page 212 and 213: 6 Guzmán HM, Guevara CA (2001) Cor
Page 216 and 217: from disease and bleaching. Disease
Page 218 and 219: Timeline: 1987: Saba Marine Environ
Page 224 and 225: Lloyd G (2007) Review of the Policy
Page 230 and 231: TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS Coauthors: B
Page 232 and 233: US VIRGIN ISLANDS Coauthors: Richar
Page 236 and 237: Beets J, Friedlander AM (1999) Eval
Page 238 and 239: 39 Hay ME (1984) Patterns of fish a
Page 242 and 243: Bastidas C, Cróquer A, Zubillaga A
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Rodríguez-Ramírez A, Bastidas C,
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