Jackson2013-Status and Trendsof Caribbean Coral Reefs

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6 Guzmán HM, Guevara CA (2001) Coral reefs of Bocas del Toro, Panama: IV. Distribution, structure and conservation status of coral Valiente Peninsula continental. Revista de Biología Tropical 49: 53-66. 9 Lessios HA (1988) Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum in the Caribbean - what we have learned. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 19: 371-393. 12 Lessios HA (1995) Diadema antillarum 10 years after mass mortality - still rare, despite help from a competitor Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 259: 331-337. 11 Lessios HA (2005) Diadema antillarum populations in Panama twenty years following mass mortality. Coral Reefs 24: 125-127. 10 Lessios HA, Cubit JD, Robertson DR, Shulman MJ, Parker MR, et al. (1984) Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum on the Caribbean coast of Panama Coral Reefs 3: 173-182. 7 Shulman MJ, Robertson DR (1996) Changes in the coral reefs of San Bias, Caribbean Panama: 1983 to 1990. Coral Reefs 15: 231-236. STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012 211
PUERTO RICO Coauthors: Richard Appeldoorn, Roy Armstrong, David Ballantine, Chris Caldow, Sara Rivero Calle, Christopher F.G. Jeffrey, Héctor Ruiz, Ernesto Weil, AGRRA, CARICOMP and NOAA Biogeography Branch Geographic Information Coastal Length: 1,087 km Land Area: 9,000 km 2 Maritime Area: 204,942 km 2 Population: 3,940,410 Reef Area: 471 km 2 Number of hurricanes in the past 20 years: 4 Fig. 26.1 Map of Puerto Rico, codes represent studies listed in Table 26.1. Missing map code(s) due to unavailable coordinates. Table 26.1 Data sources from Puerto Rico used in current study. Map codes represent individual studies. For exact location of study, refer to Fig. 26.1; * denotes original data; for full references, refer to published literature sources in the last section. Map Code Contributor Location Time Period Year Count Coral Diadema antillarum Macroalgae X 1 Acevedo 1989 1 La 1989 1 X Parguera 2 Antonius & Weiner Vieques 1978 1 X 1982 2 3 Weil, Ernesto; Garcia, Jorge/ CARICOMP* 3,4 4 NOAA Biogeography Branch* La Parguera La Parguera, Vieques, Jobos Bay 1994-2012 19 X X X 2001-2011 11 X X X X 5 Garrison et al 2005 5 Vieques 1991, 1994, 3 X X 1998 6 AGRRA* Vieques & Culebra 2003 1 X X X 7 Armstrong, Roy; Rivero Calle, Sara* 6 Vieques, Mona Island, La Parguera 2004, 2008 2 X X Fish 212 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012
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Status and Trends of Caribbean Cora
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Dedication: This book is dedicated
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Phase shifts ......................
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Introduction This is the 9th status
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Acknowledgments, Co-sponsors, and S
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Jeremy Jackson
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STRATEGY AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT R
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The greatest overall changes in cor
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heating events are surprisingly fla
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PART I: OVERVIEW AND SYNTHESIS FOR
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A B C FIGURE 2. Decline in the comp
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Sampling units are defined as follo
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Table 2. List of coral reef locatio
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Country or Territory Location # of
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Compilation of the great majority o
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Two other major survey programs beg
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mean of 14.3 % (+2.0, -1.8). This l
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Changes in coral cover were similar
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FIGURE 13. Large-scale shifts from
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TABLE 5. Changes in coral and macro
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The disparate reef histories in Fig
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2b. ECOLOGICAL EXTINCTION OF FORMER
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Decline of Diadema antillarum Diade
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Table 7. Numbers of visitors and re
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Caribbean, where the mass mortality
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FIGURE 26. Percent coral cover in r
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or avoidance behavior by larvae and
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of disease and coral death. These a
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contrast, reefs on the Belize Centr
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TABLE 9. Average secchi disk depths
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Label Country Location DHW 1998 DHW
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2010 are surprisingly flat (Fig. 33
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Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans t
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Bruno et al. 2009). However, our re
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is, for example, for degree heating
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1. Ban all trap fishing, spearfishi
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Chollett I, Mumby PJ, Müller-Karge
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CH, Steneck RS, Tegner MJ, Warner R
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Rasher DB, Stout EP, Engel S, Kuban
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Appendices Appendix I Field Field O
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80 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN C
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Location Reference Data Contributor
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Davis GE (1982) A century of natura
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Roos PJ (1964) The distribution of
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Steneck RS (1994) Is herbivore loss
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PART II: REPORTS FOR INDIVIDUAL COU
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COUNTRIES, STATES, AND TERRITORIES
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Map Code Contributor Time Period Ye
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7 Nagelkerkan, Bimini 2006 1 X Ivan
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Cheung WWL, Sadovy de Mitcheson Y (
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BARBADOS Coauthors: Caroline Bissad
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2003-present: Sporadic outbreaks of
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BELIZE Coauthors: Nadia Bood, John
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Fig. 4.3 Average percent cover of m
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24 Dustan P, King A, Treml E, Allin
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Fig. 5.2 Average percent cover of l
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Fricke H, Meischner D (1985) Depth
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Map Code Contributor Location Time
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10 Kramer PA, Bischof B.G. (2003) A
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Fig. 7.2 Average percent cover of l
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CAYMAN ISLANDS Coauthors: Timothy A
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Fig. 8.3 Diadema density and biomas
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COLOMBIA Coauthors: Alan Friedlande
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1980s-1990: Macrolagal and coral di
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Published Data Sources 1 Coral A, C
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Map Code Contributor Location Time
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CUBA Coauthors: Pedro M. Alcolado,
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2005: Hurricane Dennis (Category 4)
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CURAÇAO Coauthors: Rolf Bak, Dolfi
Page 162 and 163: Fig. 12.3 Average density of Diadem
Page 164 and 165: 18 Bruckner AW, Bruckner RJ (2003)
Page 166 and 167: Fig. 14.2 Average percent cover of
Page 168 and 169: Geraldes FX, Vega M, Ramírez H, Ro
Page 170 and 171: General Literature Borger JL, Stein
Page 172 and 173: Map Code Contributor Location Time
Page 174 and 175: Timeline 1878: Black water event ki
Page 176 and 177: 25 Forcucci D (1994) Population den
Page 180 and 181: Published Data Sources 1 Bright TJ,
Page 184 and 185: Chevaillier P (1990) Méthodes d’
Page 188 and 189: GUATEMALA Coauthors: Ana Giró, Mel
Page 190 and 191: Gutiérrez L (2007) Informe de avan
Page 194 and 195: JAMAICA Coauthors: Karl Aiken, Robe
Page 198 and 199: Munro JL, Williams DM (1985) Assess
Page 202 and 203: Timeline 11,000 CE: Human remains o
Page 204 and 205: Rodríguez-Martínez RE, Banaszak A
Page 206 and 207: April 2006: Multibeam mapping of is
Page 210 and 211: Map Contributor Location Time Perio
Page 216 and 217: from disease and bleaching. Disease
Page 218 and 219: Timeline: 1987: Saba Marine Environ
Page 224 and 225: Lloyd G (2007) Review of the Policy
Page 230 and 231: TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS Coauthors: B
Page 232 and 233: US VIRGIN ISLANDS Coauthors: Richar
Page 236 and 237: Beets J, Friedlander AM (1999) Eval
Page 238 and 239: 39 Hay ME (1984) Patterns of fish a
Page 242 and 243: Bastidas C, Cróquer A, Zubillaga A
Page 244: Rodríguez-Ramírez A, Bastidas C,
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