Jackson2013-Status and Trendsof Caribbean Coral Reefs

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GUATEMALA Coauthors: Ana Giró, Melanie Mcfield, Robert Steneck, Healthy Reefs Initiative, The Nature Conservancy and Reef Check Geographic Information Number of hurricanes in the past 20 years: 1 Fig. 19.1 Map of Guatemala, codes represent studies listed in Table 19.1. Missing map code(s) due to unavailable coordinates. Map Code Contributor Time Period Year Count Coral Diadema antillarum Macroalgae 1 HRI/TNC* 1,2 2006 1 X X X 2 Reef Check* 2006 1 X 3 Steneck, Bob* 2007-2008 2 X X Fish Table 19.1 Data sources from Guatemala collected in current synthesis. Map codes represent individual studies. For exact location of study, refer to Fig. 19.1; * denotes original data; for full references, refer to published literature sources in the last section. STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012 187
Fig. 19.2 Average percent cover of live corals (A), average percent cover of macroalgae (B), density of Diadema antillarum (C), and biomass of parrotfishes and groupers (D) in Guatemala. Dotted line represents the average of Caribbean data collected for this report. (Codes same as in Table 19.1 and Figure 19.1) Timeline 1945: Hurricane 1949: Hurricane 1972: Hurricane Fifi 1976: Earthquake (Young et al. 1989) 1983: Bleaching event; Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum 1998: Hurricane Mitch; bleaching event 2009: Ban on trawling inside the Wildlife refugee Punta de Manabique General Literature Almada-Villela PC, Sale PF, Gold-Bouchot G, Kjerfve B (2003) Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System project, synoptic monitoring manual. MBRS Project. Arrivillaga A (2003) Diagnostico del Estado Actual de los Recursos Marinos y Costeros de Guatemala. Instituto de Agricultura, Recursos Naturales y Agrícolas (IARNA), Universidad Rafael Landivar. Boix JL (2009) Análisis de aspectos socioeconómicos y culturales del refugio de Vida Silvestre Punta de Manabique y zona de Usos Multiples de Rio Sarstún. Fondo SAM, GOPA. Bortone SA, Shipp RL, Davis WP, Nester RD (1988) Artificial reef development along the Atlantic coast of Guatemala. Northeast Gulf Science 10: 45-48. Carrillo HL, Salaverria A, Pacas L, Martínez J (2000) Evaluación del Recurso Pesquero y Oceanografía del Atlántico Guatemalteco. DIGI-CEMA. CONAP (2011) Estadísticas e Indicadores Ambientales Oficiales del CONAP, Año 2011 / Fase II. Documento para uso público. Guatemala: Unidad de Seguimiento y Evaluación del departamento de Planificación. 33 p. Consorcio para la Coadministración, la conservación de los recursos naturales, el desarrollo integral de los pueblos indígenas del Área Protegida (2009) Plan Maestro 2010-2014 Área de Uso Múltiple Río Sarstún”. Guatemala. 140 p. Fonseca AC (2000) Evaluación ecológica rápida de los arrecifes coralinos de Punta de Manabique, costa Caribe de Guatemala. Report for the Nature Conservancy (TNC). Washington D.C. 23 p. Fonseca AC, Arrivillaga A (2003) Coral reefs of Guatemala. In: Cortés J, editor. Latin American Coral Reefs. San José, Costa Rica: Elsevier. pp. 159-169. Fundación Mario Dary Rivera (FUNDARY), Consejo Nacional de Areas Protegidas (CONAP), The Nature Conservancy (TNC) (2007) Plan De Conservación de Área 2007-2011 Refugio De Vida Silvestre Punta De Manabique (2007). Guatemala: FUNDARY-PROARCA-TNC. 155 p. Giró A (2006) Diversidad Arrecifal e Incidencia de las Enfermedades Coralinas en Cabo Tres Puntas, Manabique, Izabal. CEMA USAC. 188 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012
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Status and Trends of Caribbean Cora
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Dedication: This book is dedicated
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Phase shifts ......................
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Introduction This is the 9th status
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Acknowledgments, Co-sponsors, and S
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Jeremy Jackson
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STRATEGY AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT R
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The greatest overall changes in cor
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heating events are surprisingly fla
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PART I: OVERVIEW AND SYNTHESIS FOR
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A B C FIGURE 2. Decline in the comp
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Sampling units are defined as follo
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Table 2. List of coral reef locatio
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Country or Territory Location # of
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Compilation of the great majority o
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Two other major survey programs beg
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mean of 14.3 % (+2.0, -1.8). This l
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Changes in coral cover were similar
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FIGURE 13. Large-scale shifts from
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TABLE 5. Changes in coral and macro
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The disparate reef histories in Fig
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2b. ECOLOGICAL EXTINCTION OF FORMER
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Decline of Diadema antillarum Diade
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Table 7. Numbers of visitors and re
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Caribbean, where the mass mortality
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FIGURE 26. Percent coral cover in r
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or avoidance behavior by larvae and
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of disease and coral death. These a
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contrast, reefs on the Belize Centr
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TABLE 9. Average secchi disk depths
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Label Country Location DHW 1998 DHW
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2010 are surprisingly flat (Fig. 33
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Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans t
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Bruno et al. 2009). However, our re
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is, for example, for degree heating
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1. Ban all trap fishing, spearfishi
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Chollett I, Mumby PJ, Müller-Karge
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CH, Steneck RS, Tegner MJ, Warner R
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Rasher DB, Stout EP, Engel S, Kuban
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Appendices Appendix I Field Field O
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80 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN C
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Location Reference Data Contributor
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Davis GE (1982) A century of natura
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Roos PJ (1964) The distribution of
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Steneck RS (1994) Is herbivore loss
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PART II: REPORTS FOR INDIVIDUAL COU
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COUNTRIES, STATES, AND TERRITORIES
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Map Code Contributor Time Period Ye
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7 Nagelkerkan, Bimini 2006 1 X Ivan
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Cheung WWL, Sadovy de Mitcheson Y (
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BARBADOS Coauthors: Caroline Bissad
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2003-present: Sporadic outbreaks of
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BELIZE Coauthors: Nadia Bood, John
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Fig. 4.3 Average percent cover of m
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24 Dustan P, King A, Treml E, Allin
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Fig. 5.2 Average percent cover of l
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Fricke H, Meischner D (1985) Depth
Page 138 and 139: Map Code Contributor Location Time
Page 140 and 141: 10 Kramer PA, Bischof B.G. (2003) A
Page 142 and 143: Fig. 7.2 Average percent cover of l
Page 144 and 145: CAYMAN ISLANDS Coauthors: Timothy A
Page 146 and 147: Fig. 8.3 Diadema density and biomas
Page 148 and 149: COLOMBIA Coauthors: Alan Friedlande
Page 150 and 151: 1980s-1990: Macrolagal and coral di
Page 152 and 153: Published Data Sources 1 Coral A, C
Page 156 and 157: CUBA Coauthors: Pedro M. Alcolado,
Page 158 and 159: 2005: Hurricane Dennis (Category 4)
Page 160 and 161: CURAÇAO Coauthors: Rolf Bak, Dolfi
Page 162 and 163: Fig. 12.3 Average density of Diadem
Page 164 and 165: 18 Bruckner AW, Bruckner RJ (2003)
Page 166 and 167: Fig. 14.2 Average percent cover of
Page 168 and 169: Geraldes FX, Vega M, Ramírez H, Ro
Page 170 and 171: General Literature Borger JL, Stein
Page 174 and 175: Timeline 1878: Black water event ki
Page 176 and 177: 25 Forcucci D (1994) Population den
Page 180 and 181: Published Data Sources 1 Bright TJ,
Page 184 and 185: Chevaillier P (1990) Méthodes d’
Page 190 and 191: Gutiérrez L (2007) Informe de avan
Page 194 and 195: JAMAICA Coauthors: Karl Aiken, Robe
Page 198 and 199: Munro JL, Williams DM (1985) Assess
Page 202 and 203: Timeline 11,000 CE: Human remains o
Page 204 and 205: Rodríguez-Martínez RE, Banaszak A
Page 206 and 207: April 2006: Multibeam mapping of is
Page 210 and 211: Map Contributor Location Time Perio
Page 212 and 213: 6 Guzmán HM, Guevara CA (2001) Cor
Page 216 and 217: from disease and bleaching. Disease
Page 218 and 219: Timeline: 1987: Saba Marine Environ
Page 224 and 225: Lloyd G (2007) Review of the Policy
Page 230 and 231: TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS Coauthors: B
Page 232 and 233: US VIRGIN ISLANDS Coauthors: Richar
Page 236 and 237: Beets J, Friedlander AM (1999) Eval
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39 Hay ME (1984) Patterns of fish a
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Fig. 34.2 Average percent cover of
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Bastidas C, Cróquer A, Zubillaga A
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Rodríguez-Ramírez A, Bastidas C,
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