Jackson2013-Status and Trendsof Caribbean Coral Reefs

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CURAÇAO Coauthors: Rolf Bak, Dolfi Debrot, Paul Hoetjes, Ayana Elizabeth Johnson, Erik Meesters, Ivan Nagelkerken, Gerard Nieuwland, Maggy Nugues, Leon Pors, Stuart Sandin, Mark JA Vermeij, Ernesto Weil, AGRRA, CARMABI, CARICOMP, Reef Care and Reef Check Geographic Information Coastal Length: 175 km Land Area: 444 km 2 Maritime Area: 4,915 km 2 Population: 168,801 Reef Area: 103 km 2 Number of hurricanes in the past 20 years: 0 Fig. 12.1 Map of Curaçao, codes represent studies listed in Table 12.1. Missing map code(s) due to unavailable coordinates. Map Code Contributor Location Time Period Year Count SW 1973, 1979, 1 Bak, Rolf; Nugues, Maggy; Nieuwland, Gerard; Meesters, Erik* 1,2,3,4,5,6 1983, 1989, 1991-1993, 1997-1998, 2002, 2006, 2008-2009 Coral Diadema antillarum Macroalgae 13 X X SW 1994-1995 2 X X X SW, NW 1974, 1981, 2 Nagelkerken, CARICOMP* 7 Ivan; Pors, Leon/ 3 CARMABI 4 X X report* 8,9,10,11,12,13,14 1983, 2005 Fishes Table 12.1 Data sources from Curaçao. Map codes represent individual studies. For exact location of study, refer to Fig. 12.1; * denotes original data; for full references, refer to published literature sources in the last section. STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012 159
Map Code Contributor Location Time Period Year Count Coral Diadema antillarum Macroalgae Fishes X X 4 Vermeij, Mark* 15 SW, NW 2003, 2010 2 X X 5 Debrot & SW 2002 1 X 2006 16,17 Nagelkerken 6 Nagelkerken, Ivan* SW 2006 1 X X 7 AGRRA* 18 SW, NW 1998, 2000 2 X X X 8 Liddell & Ohlhorst SW 1977 1 X 1988 19 9 Nagelkerken 2005 20 SW 1973, 2000 2 X X a Reef Care* SW, NW 1994, 13 X X 1997-2008, 2011 c Weil, Ernesto* SW, NW 2005-2006, 4 X X 2009, 2011 d Bak 1984 21 SW 1982-1983 2 X e Bak 1975 22 SW 1974 1 X f Bauer 1980 23 SW 1977 1 X h Reef Check* 1998, 2000, 9 X 2002-2008 k Sandin, Stuart* 24 SW, NW, windward 2001 1 X Fig. 12.2 Average percent cover of live corals and macroalgae for two locations in Curaçao: Northwest (north of Kaap St. Marie) (A & C) and Southwest (south of Lighthouse Bullenbaai) (B &D). Dotted line represents the average of Caribbean data collected for this report; solid lines are drawn through data presented. (Codes same as in Table 12.1 and Figure 12.1) 160 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012
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Status and Trends of Caribbean Cora
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Dedication: This book is dedicated
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Phase shifts ......................
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Introduction This is the 9th status
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Acknowledgments, Co-sponsors, and S
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Jeremy Jackson
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STRATEGY AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT R
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The greatest overall changes in cor
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heating events are surprisingly fla
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PART I: OVERVIEW AND SYNTHESIS FOR
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A B C FIGURE 2. Decline in the comp
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Sampling units are defined as follo
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Table 2. List of coral reef locatio
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Country or Territory Location # of
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Compilation of the great majority o
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Two other major survey programs beg
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mean of 14.3 % (+2.0, -1.8). This l
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Changes in coral cover were similar
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FIGURE 13. Large-scale shifts from
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TABLE 5. Changes in coral and macro
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The disparate reef histories in Fig
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2b. ECOLOGICAL EXTINCTION OF FORMER
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Decline of Diadema antillarum Diade
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Table 7. Numbers of visitors and re
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Caribbean, where the mass mortality
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FIGURE 26. Percent coral cover in r
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or avoidance behavior by larvae and
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of disease and coral death. These a
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contrast, reefs on the Belize Centr
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TABLE 9. Average secchi disk depths
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Label Country Location DHW 1998 DHW
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2010 are surprisingly flat (Fig. 33
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Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans t
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Bruno et al. 2009). However, our re
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is, for example, for degree heating
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1. Ban all trap fishing, spearfishi
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Chollett I, Mumby PJ, Müller-Karge
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CH, Steneck RS, Tegner MJ, Warner R
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Rasher DB, Stout EP, Engel S, Kuban
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Appendices Appendix I Field Field O
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80 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN C
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Location Reference Data Contributor
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Davis GE (1982) A century of natura
Page 109 and 110: Roos PJ (1964) The distribution of
Page 111 and 112: Steneck RS (1994) Is herbivore loss
Page 113 and 114: PART II: REPORTS FOR INDIVIDUAL COU
Page 116 and 117: COUNTRIES, STATES, AND TERRITORIES
Page 118 and 119: Map Code Contributor Time Period Ye
Page 120 and 121: 7 Nagelkerkan, Bimini 2006 1 X Ivan
Page 122 and 123: Cheung WWL, Sadovy de Mitcheson Y (
Page 124 and 125: BARBADOS Coauthors: Caroline Bissad
Page 126 and 127: 2003-present: Sporadic outbreaks of
Page 128 and 129: BELIZE Coauthors: Nadia Bood, John
Page 130 and 131: Fig. 4.3 Average percent cover of m
Page 132 and 133: 24 Dustan P, King A, Treml E, Allin
Page 134 and 135: Fig. 5.2 Average percent cover of l
Page 136 and 137: Fricke H, Meischner D (1985) Depth
Page 138 and 139: Map Code Contributor Location Time
Page 140 and 141: 10 Kramer PA, Bischof B.G. (2003) A
Page 142 and 143: Fig. 7.2 Average percent cover of l
Page 144 and 145: CAYMAN ISLANDS Coauthors: Timothy A
Page 146 and 147: Fig. 8.3 Diadema density and biomas
Page 148 and 149: COLOMBIA Coauthors: Alan Friedlande
Page 150 and 151: 1980s-1990: Macrolagal and coral di
Page 152 and 153: Published Data Sources 1 Coral A, C
Page 156 and 157: CUBA Coauthors: Pedro M. Alcolado,
Page 158 and 159: 2005: Hurricane Dennis (Category 4)
Page 162 and 163: Fig. 12.3 Average density of Diadem
Page 164 and 165: 18 Bruckner AW, Bruckner RJ (2003)
Page 166 and 167: Fig. 14.2 Average percent cover of
Page 168 and 169: Geraldes FX, Vega M, Ramírez H, Ro
Page 170 and 171: General Literature Borger JL, Stein
Page 174 and 175: Timeline 1878: Black water event ki
Page 176 and 177: 25 Forcucci D (1994) Population den
Page 180 and 181: Published Data Sources 1 Bright TJ,
Page 184 and 185: Chevaillier P (1990) Méthodes d’
Page 188 and 189: GUATEMALA Coauthors: Ana Giró, Mel
Page 190 and 191: Gutiérrez L (2007) Informe de avan
Page 194 and 195: JAMAICA Coauthors: Karl Aiken, Robe
Page 198 and 199: Munro JL, Williams DM (1985) Assess
Page 202 and 203: Timeline 11,000 CE: Human remains o
Page 204 and 205: Rodríguez-Martínez RE, Banaszak A
Page 206 and 207: April 2006: Multibeam mapping of is
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Map Contributor Location Time Perio
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6 Guzmán HM, Guevara CA (2001) Cor
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Map Code Contributor Location Time
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from disease and bleaching. Disease
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Timeline: 1987: Saba Marine Environ
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Fig. 28.2 Average percent cover of
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Lloyd G (2007) Review of the Policy
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TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS Coauthors: B
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US VIRGIN ISLANDS Coauthors: Richar
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Beets J, Friedlander AM (1999) Eval
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39 Hay ME (1984) Patterns of fish a
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Bastidas C, Cróquer A, Zubillaga A
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Rodríguez-Ramírez A, Bastidas C,
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