Jackson2013-Status and Trendsof Caribbean Coral Reefs

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Map Code Contributor Location Time Period Year Count Coral Diadema antillarum Macroalgae 1 Bouchon, Claude; Bouchon, Yolande* 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 Guadeloupe 2002-2011 10 X X X 2 Maréchal, Jean- Philippe; Tregarot, Ewan* 11 Martinique 2008-2009 2 X X X 3 Reef Check* Martinique; Guadeloupe 2003, 2007, 2008 3 X Fish Fig. 17.2 Average percent cover of live corals and macroalgae for 3 islands in French Antilles. Dotted line represents the average of Caribbean data collected for this report; solid line is drawn through data presented. (Codes same as in Table 17.1 and Figure 17.1) Fig. 17.3 Average density of Diadema antillarum for all French Antilles locations combined. Dotted line represents the average of Caribbean data collected for this report solid line is drawn through data presented. (Codes same as in Table 17.1 and Figure 17.1) Fig. 17.4 Average biomass of parrotfishes (A-C) and groupers (D-F) for 3 islands in French Antilles. Dotted line represents the average of Caribbean data collected for this report; solid line is drawn through data presented. (Codes same as in Table 17.1 and Figure 17.1) STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012 181
Timeline 1960s-1970s: Mechanization of the coastal fishing boats 1970s-1979s: Reefs appeared healthy, coral cover and benthic density high, few macroalgae 1979: Hurricane David (Category 5) struck Dominique Island, relatively low damages on Martinique and Guadeloupe coral reefs 1980: Gale associated to hurricane Allen (Category 5) damaged the coral reefs of Martinique and Guadeloupe 1983: Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum occurred chronologically in Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint- Barthélemy and Saint-Martin/St-Marteen 1984s-1985s: White band disease massively destroyed the Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis communities 1986: Coral macro-algae phase shift evident on the reefs of the French Antilles 1989: Hurricane Hugo (Category 5), important damage on the Guadeloupe’s reefs to 20m deep. Remaining Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis assemblages were further destroyed 1995: Hurricanes Luis (Category 4) and Marilyn (Category 3) damaged the coral reefs of Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin/St-Marteen 1996: Bleaching event in the French Antilles, with moderate consequences (most of the bleached colonies recovered). 1998: Bleaching event in the French Antilles, with moderate consequences (most of the bleached colonies recovered). Unexplained massive coral reef fishes mortality in Martinique and Guadeloupe 1999: Hurricane Luis and Lenny (category 4) damaged the coral reefs of the leeward coast of Guadeloupe 2005: Massive bleaching event of the corals of the French Antilles, ~40 % of the coral cover of the reefs disappeared 2005-2010s: No sign of evident heath recovery of the coral communities. Increasing organic pollution continues to favor algal coral phase shift 2010: Lionfish Pterois volitans reached Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin/St- Marteen 2010: Invading seagrass species Halophila stipulacea reached Guadeloupe, Saint-Barthélemy and Saint- Martin/St-Marteen 2011: Massive Sargassum landing of the beaches of the French Antilles General Literature Adey WH, Adey PJ, Burke R, Kaufman L (1977) The holocene reef systems of eastern Martinique, French West Indies. Atoll Research Bulletin: 1-41. Adey WH, Burke R (1976) Holocene bioherms (algal ridges and bank-barrier reefs) of the eastern Caribbean. Geological Society of America Bulletin 87: 95-109. Beliaeff B (1987) Etude d’un engine de pêche: le casier en fleche Guadeloupéen. Mémoire d’ingéniorat. Montpellier: Institut des Sciences de l’ingénieur de Montpellier. 71 p. Blancher G, Gobert B, Guérerédrat JA (2002) La pêche aux Antilles (Martinique et Guadeloupe). Paris: IRD Editions. 299 p. Bouchon C, Bouchon-Navaro Y, Delavigne S, Diaz N, Louis M (1999) La pratique de la senne en Guadeloupe : la senne à “coulirous” et la senne à “colas”. Rapport CEMINAG. Université des Antilles et de la Guyane. 61 p. Bouchon C, Bouchon-Navaro Y, Imbert D, Louis M (1991) Effets de l’ouragan hugo sur les communautés côtières de Guadeloupe (Antilles Français). Annales de l’Institut Océanographique 67: 5-33. Bouchon C, Bouchon-Navaro Y, Louis M (1988) A first record of a Sargassum (Phaeophyta, Algae) outbreak in a Caribbean coral reef ecosystem. Proceedings of the 41st Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute. St. Thomas, USVI. pp. 171-188. Bouchon C, Bouchon-Navaro Y, Louis M (2004) Critères d’évaluation de la dégradation des communautés coralliennes dans la Caraïbe. Revue d’Ecologie (la Terre et la Vie): 113-121. Bouchon C, Bouchon-Navaro Y, Louis M, Laborel J (1987) Influence of the degradation of the coral assemblages on the fish communities of Martinique. Proceedings of the 38th Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute Congress. Martinique. pp. 452-468. Bouchon C, Laborel J (1986) Les peuplements coralliens des côtes de la Martinique. Annales de l’Institut Océanographique 62: 199-237. Bouchon C, Laborel J (1990) Les peuplements coralliens du grand cul-de-sac marin de Guadeloupe (Antilles Françaises). Annales de l’Institut Océanographique 66: 19-36. Bouchon-Navaro Y (1997) Les peuplements ichtyologiques récifaux des Antilles. Distribution spatiale et dynamique temporelle. PhD Thesis.: Université des Antilles et de la Guyane. 242 p. Bouchon-Navaro Y, Louis M (1986) Les poissons des formations coralliennes de la Martinique. Annales de l’Institut Océanographique 62: 251-270. Bouchon-Navaro Y, Louis M, Bouchon C (1997) Trends in fish species distribution in the West Indies. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium. Panama. pp. 987-992. Chauvaud S, Bouchon C, Maniere R (2001) Cartographie des biocénoses marines de Guadeloupe à partir de données SPOT (Récifs coralliens, phanérogames marines, mangroves). Oceanologica Acta 24: 1-14. 182 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012
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Status and Trends of Caribbean Cora
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Dedication: This book is dedicated
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Phase shifts ......................
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Introduction This is the 9th status
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Acknowledgments, Co-sponsors, and S
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Jeremy Jackson
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STRATEGY AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT R
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The greatest overall changes in cor
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heating events are surprisingly fla
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PART I: OVERVIEW AND SYNTHESIS FOR
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A B C FIGURE 2. Decline in the comp
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Sampling units are defined as follo
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Table 2. List of coral reef locatio
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Country or Territory Location # of
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Compilation of the great majority o
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Two other major survey programs beg
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mean of 14.3 % (+2.0, -1.8). This l
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Changes in coral cover were similar
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FIGURE 13. Large-scale shifts from
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TABLE 5. Changes in coral and macro
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The disparate reef histories in Fig
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2b. ECOLOGICAL EXTINCTION OF FORMER
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Decline of Diadema antillarum Diade
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Table 7. Numbers of visitors and re
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Caribbean, where the mass mortality
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FIGURE 26. Percent coral cover in r
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or avoidance behavior by larvae and
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of disease and coral death. These a
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contrast, reefs on the Belize Centr
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TABLE 9. Average secchi disk depths
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Label Country Location DHW 1998 DHW
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2010 are surprisingly flat (Fig. 33
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Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans t
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Bruno et al. 2009). However, our re
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is, for example, for degree heating
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1. Ban all trap fishing, spearfishi
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Chollett I, Mumby PJ, Müller-Karge
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CH, Steneck RS, Tegner MJ, Warner R
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Rasher DB, Stout EP, Engel S, Kuban
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Appendices Appendix I Field Field O
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80 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN C
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Location Reference Data Contributor
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Davis GE (1982) A century of natura
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Roos PJ (1964) The distribution of
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Steneck RS (1994) Is herbivore loss
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PART II: REPORTS FOR INDIVIDUAL COU
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COUNTRIES, STATES, AND TERRITORIES
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Map Code Contributor Time Period Ye
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7 Nagelkerkan, Bimini 2006 1 X Ivan
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Cheung WWL, Sadovy de Mitcheson Y (
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BARBADOS Coauthors: Caroline Bissad
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2003-present: Sporadic outbreaks of
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BELIZE Coauthors: Nadia Bood, John
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Fig. 4.3 Average percent cover of m
Page 132 and 133: 24 Dustan P, King A, Treml E, Allin
Page 134 and 135: Fig. 5.2 Average percent cover of l
Page 136 and 137: Fricke H, Meischner D (1985) Depth
Page 138 and 139: Map Code Contributor Location Time
Page 140 and 141: 10 Kramer PA, Bischof B.G. (2003) A
Page 142 and 143: Fig. 7.2 Average percent cover of l
Page 144 and 145: CAYMAN ISLANDS Coauthors: Timothy A
Page 146 and 147: Fig. 8.3 Diadema density and biomas
Page 148 and 149: COLOMBIA Coauthors: Alan Friedlande
Page 150 and 151: 1980s-1990: Macrolagal and coral di
Page 152 and 153: Published Data Sources 1 Coral A, C
Page 156 and 157: CUBA Coauthors: Pedro M. Alcolado,
Page 158 and 159: 2005: Hurricane Dennis (Category 4)
Page 160 and 161: CURAÇAO Coauthors: Rolf Bak, Dolfi
Page 162 and 163: Fig. 12.3 Average density of Diadem
Page 164 and 165: 18 Bruckner AW, Bruckner RJ (2003)
Page 166 and 167: Fig. 14.2 Average percent cover of
Page 168 and 169: Geraldes FX, Vega M, Ramírez H, Ro
Page 170 and 171: General Literature Borger JL, Stein
Page 174 and 175: Timeline 1878: Black water event ki
Page 176 and 177: 25 Forcucci D (1994) Population den
Page 180 and 181: Published Data Sources 1 Bright TJ,
Page 184 and 185: Chevaillier P (1990) Méthodes d’
Page 188 and 189: GUATEMALA Coauthors: Ana Giró, Mel
Page 190 and 191: Gutiérrez L (2007) Informe de avan
Page 194 and 195: JAMAICA Coauthors: Karl Aiken, Robe
Page 198 and 199: Munro JL, Williams DM (1985) Assess
Page 202 and 203: Timeline 11,000 CE: Human remains o
Page 204 and 205: Rodríguez-Martínez RE, Banaszak A
Page 206 and 207: April 2006: Multibeam mapping of is
Page 210 and 211: Map Contributor Location Time Perio
Page 212 and 213: 6 Guzmán HM, Guevara CA (2001) Cor
Page 216 and 217: from disease and bleaching. Disease
Page 218 and 219: Timeline: 1987: Saba Marine Environ
Page 224 and 225: Lloyd G (2007) Review of the Policy
Page 230 and 231: TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS Coauthors: B
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US VIRGIN ISLANDS Coauthors: Richar
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Fig. 33.2 Average percent cover of
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Beets J, Friedlander AM (1999) Eval
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39 Hay ME (1984) Patterns of fish a
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Fig. 34.2 Average percent cover of
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Bastidas C, Cróquer A, Zubillaga A
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Rodríguez-Ramírez A, Bastidas C,
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