Jackson2013-Status and Trendsof Caribbean Coral Reefs

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CUBA Coauthors: Pedro M. Alcolado, Fabián Pina Amargós, John Bruno, Rodolfo Claro, Marah Hardt, Philip Kramer, Patricia Lancho, Gustavo Paredes, Nicholas Polunin, Ivor Williams, AGRRA, CARICOMP and Reef Check Geographic Information Coastal Length: 14,385 km Land Area: 111,089 km 2 Maritime Area: 343,034 km 2 Population: 11,325,600 Reef Area: 4,919 km 2 Number of hurricanes in the past 20 years: 11 Fig. 11.1 Map of Cuba, codes represent studies listed in Table 11.1. Missing map code(s) due to unavailable coordinates. AGRRA locations are omitted for clarity. Map Code Contributor Location Time Period Year Count Coral Diadema antillarum Macroalgae North Cuba 1994-1997, 1 Alcolado, Pedro/ 5 X X X CARICOMP* 1,2 2005 2 Bruno, John* South west Cuba; Jardines de la Reina 2010-2011 2 X X X X 3 Hardt, Marah; Paredes, Gustavo* 3 South west Cuba; Jardines de la Reina 4 AGRRA* 4,5 South west Cuba; Jardines de la Reina; North Cuba 5 Polunin, Nicholas; Williams, Ivor* 6 South west Cuba 6 Claro, Rodolfo* 7,8 North Cuba; South west Cuba Fish 2005 1 X X X 1999, 2001 2 X X 1998 1 1984, 1986, 1988, 1989-1991, 2000 7 Reef Check* 2001-2005 5 X 7 X Table 11.1 Data sources from Cuba used in current study. Map codes represent individual studies. For exact location of study, refer to Fig. 11.1; * denotes original data; for full references, refer to published literature sources in the last section. STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012 155
Fig. 11.2 Average percent cover of live corals (A) and macroalgae (B), and density of Diadema antillarum (C). Dotted line represents the average of Caribbean data collected for this report; solid lines are drawn through the data presented. (Codes same as in Table 11.1 and Figure 11.1) Figure 11.3. Average biomass of parrotfishes (A) and groupers (B) in Cuba. Dotted line represents the average of Caribbean data collected for this report; solid lines are drawn through the data presented. (Codes same as in Table 11.1 and Figure 11.1) Timeline 1980: Hurricane Allen 1983: Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum; first mass coral bleaching recorded in Cuba 1985: Hurricane Kate 1988: Hurricane Gilbert, great damage to Acropora palmata 1989: Bleaching event in northern central Cuba 1990: Bleaching event in northwest Cuba 1993: Annual CARICOMP surveys at Cayo Coco initiated; bleaching event in northeast Cuba 1994: Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment was created leading to improvement of environmental legislation; fisheries law (decree law) approved 1995: Widespread and intense coral bleaching in north Cuba; National Center for Protected areas established 1996: Established first explicit regulations for coral reefs, among which collection and using explosives in coral reefs is banned; first marine reserves declared under Fisheries Law (named as Zone Under Special Regime of Use and Protection) 1998: Severe bleaching event in north Cuba 1999: Decree-Law on protected areas enacted, facilitating coral reef protection 2000: White band disease affecting Acroporid reefs; white plague and other diseases affecting other hard corals; Sea fans affected by aspergillosis; Ministry of Fisheries declared 9 ‘no-take’ areas mostly on coral reefs; Decree Law on coastal zone management enacted, facilitating coral reef protection 2001: Hurricane Michelle; massive outbreak of white plague disease in south and east of Gulf of Batabanó and Jardines de la Reina; first MPAs declared under Protected Areas Law 156 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012
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Status and Trends of Caribbean Cora
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Dedication: This book is dedicated
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Phase shifts ......................
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Introduction This is the 9th status
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Acknowledgments, Co-sponsors, and S
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Jeremy Jackson
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STRATEGY AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT R
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The greatest overall changes in cor
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heating events are surprisingly fla
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PART I: OVERVIEW AND SYNTHESIS FOR
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A B C FIGURE 2. Decline in the comp
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Sampling units are defined as follo
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Table 2. List of coral reef locatio
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Country or Territory Location # of
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Compilation of the great majority o
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Two other major survey programs beg
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mean of 14.3 % (+2.0, -1.8). This l
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Changes in coral cover were similar
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FIGURE 13. Large-scale shifts from
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TABLE 5. Changes in coral and macro
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The disparate reef histories in Fig
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2b. ECOLOGICAL EXTINCTION OF FORMER
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Decline of Diadema antillarum Diade
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Table 7. Numbers of visitors and re
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Caribbean, where the mass mortality
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FIGURE 26. Percent coral cover in r
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or avoidance behavior by larvae and
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of disease and coral death. These a
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contrast, reefs on the Belize Centr
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TABLE 9. Average secchi disk depths
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Label Country Location DHW 1998 DHW
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2010 are surprisingly flat (Fig. 33
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Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans t
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Bruno et al. 2009). However, our re
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is, for example, for degree heating
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1. Ban all trap fishing, spearfishi
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Chollett I, Mumby PJ, Müller-Karge
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CH, Steneck RS, Tegner MJ, Warner R
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Rasher DB, Stout EP, Engel S, Kuban
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Appendices Appendix I Field Field O
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80 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN C
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Location Reference Data Contributor
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Location Reference Data Contributor
Page 105 and 106: Location Reference Data Contributor
Page 107 and 108: Davis GE (1982) A century of natura
Page 109 and 110: Roos PJ (1964) The distribution of
Page 111 and 112: Steneck RS (1994) Is herbivore loss
Page 113 and 114: PART II: REPORTS FOR INDIVIDUAL COU
Page 116 and 117: COUNTRIES, STATES, AND TERRITORIES
Page 118 and 119: Map Code Contributor Time Period Ye
Page 120 and 121: 7 Nagelkerkan, Bimini 2006 1 X Ivan
Page 122 and 123: Cheung WWL, Sadovy de Mitcheson Y (
Page 124 and 125: BARBADOS Coauthors: Caroline Bissad
Page 126 and 127: 2003-present: Sporadic outbreaks of
Page 128 and 129: BELIZE Coauthors: Nadia Bood, John
Page 130 and 131: Fig. 4.3 Average percent cover of m
Page 132 and 133: 24 Dustan P, King A, Treml E, Allin
Page 134 and 135: Fig. 5.2 Average percent cover of l
Page 136 and 137: Fricke H, Meischner D (1985) Depth
Page 138 and 139: Map Code Contributor Location Time
Page 140 and 141: 10 Kramer PA, Bischof B.G. (2003) A
Page 142 and 143: Fig. 7.2 Average percent cover of l
Page 144 and 145: CAYMAN ISLANDS Coauthors: Timothy A
Page 146 and 147: Fig. 8.3 Diadema density and biomas
Page 148 and 149: COLOMBIA Coauthors: Alan Friedlande
Page 150 and 151: 1980s-1990: Macrolagal and coral di
Page 152 and 153: Published Data Sources 1 Coral A, C
Page 158 and 159: 2005: Hurricane Dennis (Category 4)
Page 160 and 161: CURAÇAO Coauthors: Rolf Bak, Dolfi
Page 162 and 163: Fig. 12.3 Average density of Diadem
Page 164 and 165: 18 Bruckner AW, Bruckner RJ (2003)
Page 166 and 167: Fig. 14.2 Average percent cover of
Page 168 and 169: Geraldes FX, Vega M, Ramírez H, Ro
Page 170 and 171: General Literature Borger JL, Stein
Page 174 and 175: Timeline 1878: Black water event ki
Page 176 and 177: 25 Forcucci D (1994) Population den
Page 180 and 181: Published Data Sources 1 Bright TJ,
Page 184 and 185: Chevaillier P (1990) Méthodes d’
Page 188 and 189: GUATEMALA Coauthors: Ana Giró, Mel
Page 190 and 191: Gutiérrez L (2007) Informe de avan
Page 194 and 195: JAMAICA Coauthors: Karl Aiken, Robe
Page 198 and 199: Munro JL, Williams DM (1985) Assess
Page 202 and 203: Timeline 11,000 CE: Human remains o
Page 204 and 205: Rodríguez-Martínez RE, Banaszak A
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April 2006: Multibeam mapping of is
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Fig. 24.2 Average percent cover of
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Map Contributor Location Time Perio
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6 Guzmán HM, Guevara CA (2001) Cor
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Map Code Contributor Location Time
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from disease and bleaching. Disease
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Timeline: 1987: Saba Marine Environ
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Lloyd G (2007) Review of the Policy
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TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS Coauthors: B
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US VIRGIN ISLANDS Coauthors: Richar
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Beets J, Friedlander AM (1999) Eval
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39 Hay ME (1984) Patterns of fish a
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Bastidas C, Cróquer A, Zubillaga A
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Rodríguez-Ramírez A, Bastidas C,
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Jackson2013-Status and Trendsof Caribbean Coral Reefs

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