Jackson2013-Status and Trendsof Caribbean Coral Reefs

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Fig. 33.2 Average percent cover of live corals and macroalgae for 3 islands in USVI: St. Croix (A & D), St. John (B & E) and St. Thomas (C & F). Dotted line represents the average of Caribbean data collected for this report; solid line is drawn through data presented. (Codes same as in Table 33.1 and Figure 33.1) Fig. 33.3 Average density of Diadema antillarum for all USVI locations combined. Dotted line represents the average of Caribbean data collected for this report; solid line is drawn through data presented. (Codes same as in Table 33.1 and Figure 33.1) Fig. 33.4 Average biomass of parrotfishes and groupers for 3 islands in USVI: St. Croix (A & D), St. John (B & E) and St. Thomas (C & F). Dotted line represents the average of Caribbean data collected for this report; solid line is drawn through data presented. (Codes same as in Table 33.1 and Figure 33.1) STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012 233
Timeline 1956: Virgin Islands National Park established (Land only) 1958-1961: Early research by Jack Randall and others on fish taxonomy and diet, along with first benthic habitat maps 1961: Buck Island Reef National Monument established 1962: Virgin Islands National Park expanded to include marine areas 1966: Boat use in Virgin Islands NP estimated to be approx. 3 boats daily; 1 st research station established, the Virgin Islands Environmental Resource Station (VIERS) in Lameshur Bay, St. John 1969-1970: Tektite Project 1973: Acropora palmata dies from white band disease off St. Croix (Robinson 1973) 1977: White band disease identified on St. Croix (Gladfelter1977) 1979: Hurricanes David caused a significant decrease in coral cover from 65% to 44% in Flat Cay Reef, St. Thomas (Rogers et al. 1983); Hurricane Frederic 1980: Hurricane Allen 1983: Diadema sea urchin die-off observed throughout Caribbean 1986: Boat use in Virgin Islands NP estimated to be approx. 80 boats daily 1987: Mass bleaching event in St. Croix and St. John 1989: Hurricane Hugo, caused a decrease in coral cover from 20% to 12% in St. John (Rogers et al. 1991; Edmunds & Witman 1991) and also widespread damage in St. Croix; long-term transects established in Great Lameshur, St. John 1990: Seasonal closure at Red Hind Marine Conservation District, St. Thomas; long-term transects established in Newfound, St. John 1993: Seasonal closure at suspected mutton snapper spawning site, St. Croix 1995: Hurricane Luis (August) and Hurricane Marilyn (September, Category 2) caused widespread damage but no decreases in coral cover noted in Lameshur Bay or Newfound sites (Rogers & Miller 2006) 1995: 562,000 overnight visitors; 117,1000 cruise ship visits 1996: Hurricane Bertha, minor damage 1997: White Plague first observed on St. John 1997-2001: Decline of Montastrea annularis in Tektite, St. John due to diseases (Miller et al. 2003) 1998: Bleaching event and hot water although no coral cover loss at Lameshur or Newfound; Hurricane Georges, minor damage; tourism accounts for 70% GDP 1999: Bleaching event; Hurricane Lenny, minor damage; year-round closure of Red Hind Bank Marine Conservation District, St. Thomas 2001: VIWMA (VI Waste Management Authority) leads sewer system upgrades; expansion of Buck Island Reef National Monument, St. Croix; establishment of Virgin Islands Coral Reef Monument, St. John; fishing pressure continues, overfished conditions described in St. Croix and St. John (Rogers & Beets 2001) 2003: Fee charged for overnight boat moorings in VINP (~4000 boat nights/year); establishment of East End Marine Park on St. Croix 2004: Tropical Storm Jeanne, relatively minor 2005: Most severe bleaching in USVI due to warm in-situ water temperatures with >90% coral bleached but regaining coloration in October, bleaching mortality not extensive in 4 sites in St. John and 1 off Buck Island, St. Croix; Acropora palmata and other corals bleached in VINP; seasonal closure of Grammanik Bank spawning aggregation area 2005-2007: Widespread coral disease outbreak including white plague on non-Acroporid reef-building species after bleaching (one of the most significant causes of coral mortality in USVO) M. annularis cover decreased by half and average coral cover loss of 60% in St. John and St. Croix (Miller et al. 2009) 2007-2011: Low disease prevalence at long-term monitoring sites in St. John and St. Croix 2008: Extreme Atlantic swell event in March damaged Elkhorn corals; Hurricane Omar, damage limited to parts of St. Croix; overfishing status continues (Pittman et al. 2008) 2010: Hurricane Earl, relatively minor and patchy impacts; rainfall exceeding 30-year records in St. John; minor territory-wide bleaching event with 62.3% coral cover bleached but no significant decline in cover; Tropical storm Tomas produced much rain, mudslides and runoff on St. Croix and other islands; VINP Fee mooring programs logs >10,000 boat-nights/year General Literature Appeldoorn RS (2008) Transforming reef fisheries management: application of an ecosystem-based approach in the USA Caribbean. Environmental Conservation 35: 232-241. Appeldoorn RS (2011) Can we stop the madness? Managing for resilience in coral reef fisheries. Proceedings of the 63rd Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute. San Juan, Puerto Rico. pp. 6-9. 234 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN CORAL REEFS: 1969-2012
Page 1 and 2:
Status and Trends of Caribbean Cora
Page 3 and 4:
Dedication: This book is dedicated
Page 5 and 6:
Phase shifts ......................
Page 7 and 8:
Introduction This is the 9th status
Page 9 and 10:
Acknowledgments, Co-sponsors, and S
Page 11 and 12:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Jeremy Jackson
Page 13 and 14:
STRATEGY AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT R
Page 15 and 16:
The greatest overall changes in cor
Page 17 and 18:
heating events are surprisingly fla
Page 19 and 20:
PART I: OVERVIEW AND SYNTHESIS FOR
Page 21 and 22:
A B C FIGURE 2. Decline in the comp
Page 23 and 24:
Sampling units are defined as follo
Page 25 and 26:
Table 2. List of coral reef locatio
Page 27 and 28:
Country or Territory Location # of
Page 29 and 30:
Compilation of the great majority o
Page 31 and 32:
Two other major survey programs beg
Page 33 and 34:
mean of 14.3 % (+2.0, -1.8). This l
Page 35 and 36:
Changes in coral cover were similar
Page 37 and 38:
FIGURE 13. Large-scale shifts from
Page 39 and 40:
TABLE 5. Changes in coral and macro
Page 41 and 42:
The disparate reef histories in Fig
Page 43 and 44:
2b. ECOLOGICAL EXTINCTION OF FORMER
Page 45 and 46:
Decline of Diadema antillarum Diade
Page 47 and 48:
Table 7. Numbers of visitors and re
Page 49 and 50:
Caribbean, where the mass mortality
Page 51 and 52:
FIGURE 26. Percent coral cover in r
Page 53 and 54:
or avoidance behavior by larvae and
Page 55 and 56:
of disease and coral death. These a
Page 57 and 58:
contrast, reefs on the Belize Centr
Page 59 and 60:
TABLE 9. Average secchi disk depths
Page 61 and 62:
Label Country Location DHW 1998 DHW
Page 63 and 64:
2010 are surprisingly flat (Fig. 33
Page 65 and 66:
Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans t
Page 67 and 68:
Bruno et al. 2009). However, our re
Page 69 and 70:
is, for example, for degree heating
Page 71 and 72:
1. Ban all trap fishing, spearfishi
Page 73 and 74:
Chollett I, Mumby PJ, Müller-Karge
Page 75 and 76:
CH, Steneck RS, Tegner MJ, Warner R
Page 77 and 78:
Rasher DB, Stout EP, Engel S, Kuban
Page 79 and 80:
Appendices Appendix I Field Field O
Page 81 and 82:
80 STATUS AND TRENDS OF CARIBBEAN C
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Location Reference Data Contributor
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Davis GE (1982) A century of natura
Page 109 and 110:
Roos PJ (1964) The distribution of
Page 111 and 112:
Steneck RS (1994) Is herbivore loss
Page 113 and 114:
PART II: REPORTS FOR INDIVIDUAL COU
Page 116 and 117:
COUNTRIES, STATES, AND TERRITORIES
Page 118 and 119:
Map Code Contributor Time Period Ye
Page 120 and 121:
7 Nagelkerkan, Bimini 2006 1 X Ivan
Page 122 and 123:
Cheung WWL, Sadovy de Mitcheson Y (
Page 124 and 125:
BARBADOS Coauthors: Caroline Bissad
Page 126 and 127:
2003-present: Sporadic outbreaks of
Page 128 and 129:
BELIZE Coauthors: Nadia Bood, John
Page 130 and 131:
Fig. 4.3 Average percent cover of m
Page 132 and 133:
24 Dustan P, King A, Treml E, Allin
Page 134 and 135:
Fig. 5.2 Average percent cover of l
Page 136 and 137:
Fricke H, Meischner D (1985) Depth
Page 138 and 139:
Map Code Contributor Location Time
Page 140 and 141:
10 Kramer PA, Bischof B.G. (2003) A
Page 142 and 143:
Fig. 7.2 Average percent cover of l
Page 144 and 145:
CAYMAN ISLANDS Coauthors: Timothy A
Page 146 and 147:
Fig. 8.3 Diadema density and biomas
Page 148 and 149:
COLOMBIA Coauthors: Alan Friedlande
Page 150 and 151:
1980s-1990: Macrolagal and coral di
Page 152 and 153:
Published Data Sources 1 Coral A, C
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
CUBA Coauthors: Pedro M. Alcolado,
Page 158 and 159:
2005: Hurricane Dennis (Category 4)
Page 160 and 161:
CURAÇAO Coauthors: Rolf Bak, Dolfi
Page 162 and 163:
Fig. 12.3 Average density of Diadem
Page 164 and 165:
18 Bruckner AW, Bruckner RJ (2003)
Page 166 and 167:
Fig. 14.2 Average percent cover of
Page 168 and 169:
Geraldes FX, Vega M, Ramírez H, Ro
Page 170 and 171:
General Literature Borger JL, Stein
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Timeline 1878: Black water event ki
Page 176 and 177:
25 Forcucci D (1994) Population den
Page 178 and 179:
Fig. 16.2 Average percent cover of
Page 180 and 181:
Published Data Sources 1 Bright TJ,
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185: Chevaillier P (1990) Méthodes d’
Page 186 and 187: Map Code Contributor Location Time
Page 188 and 189: GUATEMALA Coauthors: Ana Giró, Mel
Page 190 and 191: Gutiérrez L (2007) Informe de avan
Page 192 and 193: Fig. 20.2 Average percent cover of
Page 194 and 195: JAMAICA Coauthors: Karl Aiken, Robe
Page 198 and 199: Munro JL, Williams DM (1985) Assess
Page 202 and 203: Timeline 11,000 CE: Human remains o
Page 204 and 205: Rodríguez-Martínez RE, Banaszak A
Page 206 and 207: April 2006: Multibeam mapping of is
Page 210 and 211: Map Contributor Location Time Perio
Page 212 and 213: 6 Guzmán HM, Guevara CA (2001) Cor
Page 216 and 217: from disease and bleaching. Disease
Page 218 and 219: Timeline: 1987: Saba Marine Environ
Page 224 and 225: Lloyd G (2007) Review of the Policy
Page 230 and 231: TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS Coauthors: B
Page 232 and 233: US VIRGIN ISLANDS Coauthors: Richar
Page 236 and 237: Beets J, Friedlander AM (1999) Eval
Page 238 and 239: 39 Hay ME (1984) Patterns of fish a
Page 242 and 243: Bastidas C, Cróquer A, Zubillaga A
Page 244: Rodríguez-Ramírez A, Bastidas C,
show all

Jackson2013-Status and Trendsof Caribbean Coral Reefs

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?