Walker - 1967 - A geography of Italy

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SOILS cant, and there is an unmistakable similarity between the distribution o f soil associations on the one hand and that o f rainfall and vegetation on the other. In the high areas o f the Alps where the rainfall is very heavy the characteristic soils are the podsols (pH 4-5), whose distribution coincides roughly with that o f the coniferous forest zone. Except where drainage is bad the typical ash grey horizon is usually present. On impermeable marls and clays where the forest has been cleared and the slopes are often less steep (e.g. on the high plateaus o f the Dolomites) the podsols may be replaced by a peaty accumulation carpeted with spongy turf. The brown podsolic soils differ from the podsols in degree rather than kind; they occur at a somewhat lower altitude where the rainfall is less heavy but they are still very acid (pH 5-5). They are extensively represented in the Alps but elsewhere they occur only on the very high areas o f the northern Apennines and of the Calabrian plateaus. T hey are best used for forestry and hay pasture. A third type o f very acid soU (the brown leached soils) occurs on the moraines and coarse fluvio-glacial soils along the Sub-Alpine margin o f the Northern Plain where the higher temperatures are offset by the extreme porosity o f the surface. The brown forest soils correspond roughly to those areas which are mild enough and humid enough to support (or to have supported in the past) large expanses o f deciduous oak and beech. Geographically this includes the lowest slopes of the deep valleys penetrating the Alps (Adige, Piave, Valtellina, etc.), the Pre-Alpine foothills where non-calcareous, and much o f the Ligurian Alps, as well as large expanses o f the Apennines and the higher Anti-Apennines where the parent rock is not limestone. These soils, which tend to be slightly acid, have been cultivated extensively for a very long time so that the soil profile, in which at best the B-horizon is poorly represented, is often incomplete. Just as, when the vegetation cover was complete, the deciduous woodlands shaded off into the evergreen woodlands below, so the brown forest soils give way to the brown Mediterranean soils as one descends to the drier low hill coimtry near the coast. Large sections o f Sicily, Sardinia and the Tyrrhenian littoral are occupied by this latter type o f soil which has suffered extensively as a result of over 2000 years o f continuous cultivation. Where the B-horizon has survived it is better developed than in the brown forest soils; this is attributed to longer periods of mild, wet weather in spring and auttunn which favour soil-forming activity (for example, the leaching down o f clay and humus). Where the climatic conditions are suited to a more xerophylous Mediterranean vegetation, for example on the Tavoliere di Puglie, a neutral soil evolves in which the available raw humus is poorly assimilated. The satisfactory utilization of these soils, which may be slightly alkaline locally, requires irrigation. In a few flat and poorly drained sections o f the Apulian littoral, where the rainfall is low and unreliable, a soil similar to the tirs o f Morocco occurs. It is charaaerized by a thick, dark topsoil directly overlying the parent rock, which in most cases is alluvium or recent marine silt. The dark colour is only partially 91
PART I I : SOME PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY explained by the rich organic content, a legacy o f a steppe or coastal marsh vegetation. Until recently the tirs were used almost exclusively for extensive cereals and sheep grazing. T he following is a summary o f the soil types referred to above (adapted from M ancini): Type Parent rock Associated vegetation Azonal Lithosols Alluvial soils Scree, bare limestone. etc. Alluvium Intrazonal Regosols Clay, marls, etc. Rendzinas Limestone Deciduous forest (beech) Terra rossa Limestone Mediterranean evergreen forest Zonal Podsols Coniferous forest Brown podsolic soils Coniferous and mixed forest Brown leached soils Moraine mixed forest Brown forest soils Oak, beech, chestnut Brown Mediterranean Non-calcareous Mediterranean evergreen soils forest Tirs Mediterranean coastal steppe
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D. S. WALKER A Geography of Italy 4
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Contents P A R T I : S O M E G E O
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List of Plates — ^•anAJVkr|y0/a
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Maps and Diagrams 1 Spheres o f inf
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Acknowledgements The writer gratefu
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SOME GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY Geograph
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SETTLEMENT AND COLONIZATION the mos
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SETTLEMENT AND COLONIZATION tion, t
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SETTLEMENT AND COLONIZATION and mil
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ROMAN GEOGRAPHY shipping bringing t
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ROMAN GEOGRAPHY add their share to
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ROMAN GEOGRAPHY not unlike serfdom
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ROMAN GEOGRAPHY it is generally tru
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ITALY DURING THE DARK AGES Danubian
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ITALY DURING THE DARK AGES ‘hosts
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ITALY DURING THE MIDDLE AGES develo
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ITALY DURING THE MIDDLE AGES Amalfi
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ITALY DURING THE MIDDLE AGES O f th
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PART i: SOME GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
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PART i: SOME GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
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PART l: SOME GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
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' M ' ' PART l ; SOME GEOGRAPHY AND
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PART i : SOME GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
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PART l: SOME GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
Page 52 and 53: PART i : SOME GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
Page 54: h í '‘A ''k - r - í ' í ’ -'
Page 58: PART i : SOME GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
Page 62 and 63: PART II : SOME PH YSICAL GEOGRAPHY
Page 64 and 65: PART II : SOME PH YSIC A L GEOGRAPH
Page 66: PART I I : SOME PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
Page 69 and 70: WWOiW W i 1 PART I I : SOME PH YSIC
Page 71 and 72: PART I i : SOME P H YSIC A L GEOGRA
Page 73 and 74: PART I I ; SOME PH YSIC A L GEOGRAP
Page 75 and 76: PART I I : SOME P H YSIC A L GEOGRA
Page 79 and 80: V , ’•,.zJí-‘í*r'.‘‘'T
Page 81 and 82: THE MOUNTAIN ZONE. The chestnut hor
Page 83 and 84: PART II : SOM E P H YSIC A L GEOGRA
Page 87 and 88: PART I I : SOME PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
Page 89 and 90: PART I I ; SOME PH YSIC A L GEOGRAP
Page 99 and 100: ' . «S. PART I I : SOME PHYSICAL G
Page 101: PART I I : SOME PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
Page 106 and 107: R E G IO N A L G EO G RAPH Y The re
Page 108 and 109: II. The Northern Lowlands. III. Lig
Page 110 and 111: THE ALPS plained by the absence o f
Page 112 and 113: THE ALPS carries the main line from
Page 114: THE ALPS the frontier in the Lugano
Page 117 and 118: PART III : REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY » i
Page 119 and 120: i*^ '••*t ' ' í S I PART I I I
Page 121 and 122: PART I I I : REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY nor
Page 123 and 124: PART I I I ; REGION A L GEOGRAPHY ,
Page 125 and 126: PART I I I : REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY 3«
Page 127 and 128: « ■ t PART III: REGIONAL GEOGRAP
Page 130 and 131: THE N ORTH ERN LOW LANDS namely pap
Page 132 and 133: THE N ORTH ERN LOW LANDS Apennines
Page 134 and 135: 1 THE N ORTH ERN LOW LANDS they app
Page 136: 8 THE EM ILIAN P L A IN . This form
Page 139 and 140: PART i n : REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY over
Page 141 and 142: PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY s
Page 143 and 144: PART I I I : REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY con
Page 145 and 146: PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY t
Page 147 and 148: PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY s
Page 149 and 150: PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY c
Page 151 and 152: PART n i : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY The
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Si ü V O *0 H I « TJ 13 „ a g
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PART ni: REGIONAL G E O G R A P H Y
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PART III: REGIONAL G E O G R A P H
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If 11 PART III: REGIONAL G E O G R
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PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY *
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CENTRAL ITA LY Apennine foretrench
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CENTRAL ITA LY Terni lake, remnants
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CENTRAL ITA LY the interests o f gr
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PART I I I : REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY sou
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PART I I i : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY i
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IV[d] Tuscany PART I I i : REG IO N
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PART i n : REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY **v -
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mm PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPH
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PART III: REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY m iWM
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PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY b
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PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY F
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PART III: REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY they a
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iP A R IO L I: V ILLA BORGHESE . P-
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PART I I I : REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY s>9
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PART I I i : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY t
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PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY e
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J '7- 1 PART I I I : REGION A L GEO
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PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY a
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PART i n : REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY M any
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PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY "
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PART I I I ; REGION A L GEOGRAPHY m
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PART I I i : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY s
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i-ÍSs. . ■ í I f ' l PART I I I
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PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY m
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PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY C
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PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY t
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PART III: REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY featur
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PART i n : REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY The S
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PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY S
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PART I I I : REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY if
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SICILY 1 2 V B S'I 9 S S 2 bo O c 4
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SIC IL Y the economy o f the extens
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SARDINIA ‘huertas’ comparable w
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Caprera Gulf of Orosei C- Carboitar
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1 SARDINIA immediate hinterland o f
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I SARDINIA useful minerals produced
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P O PU LA TIO N TABLE 2 Defacto pop
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1 2 0 0 1100 1000 900
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EMIGRATION A N D INTERNAL MIGRATION
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EMIGRATION A N D INTERNAL M I GRATI
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AGRICULTURE over four-fifths of her
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AGRICULTURE {non-appoderata) common
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- : :*Év 1« - • J '- t ^ ^ ; -
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Il i a Intensive viticulture in the
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Td a tí o ’Eo . tH o • O tí ,
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X ia The Baize di Volterra (Pliocen
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- II xnia Gorge cut in the tufo of
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XV The medieval plan of Siena (A) a
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' I xvna Gully erosion in the Mioce
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xixa The rounded summits and pinewo
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; '■ 'i' I ' i iv;“® ' f o 'f'
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PART IV: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY < : I 1
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PART IV: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY irrigat
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T-^ V-*- III U. PART IV : ECONOMIC
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PART IV: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY Fuels a
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PART IV ; ECONOM IC GEOGRAPHY rubbe
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PART IV : ECON OM IC GEOGRAPHY pote
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esulted, naturally enough, in a mar
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PART IV : ECONOM IC GEOGRAPHY : ■
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PART I V : ECONOM IC GEOGRAPHY i. I
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PART iv : ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY i m 3
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PART IV: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY Sr-Sf-:
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PART iv : ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY years
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PART iv : ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY I': IN
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PART iv : ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY Europe
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TABLE 6 EMPLOYED LABOUR FORCE (iN T
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Percentage of provincial productive
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TABLE II ITALIAN MINERAL PRODUCTION
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I l Bibliography L. BARZINI: The It
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B IB LIO G R A PH Y E. MIGLIORINI :
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Index —^wx/to/tiVlyQ/^lRRRAA/^i
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Cremona, 135, 136 Crete senesi, 166
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Massa Marittima, 157 Masserie, 188,
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INDEX Maira, 995 — Meduna, 140;
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i 53j 165; Val di Sole, 64, 103, 10
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Walker - 1967 - A geography of Italy

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