Walker - 1967 - A geography of Italy

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common practice for a master to free a craftsman slave and set him up in business as an investment. PART i: SOME GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY The main foodstuffs exported from Imperial Italy were oil and wine (and even these faced fierce provincial competition), and the main raw materials marble (Luna), sulphur, alum and salt. There was a good deal o f internal trade o f course (e.g. Po Valley pork, pitch, flax and timber to the south o f Italy and Rome) but i6
ROMAN GEOGRAPHY it is generally true to say that Italy possessed few outstanding advantages in raw materials, labom: or technique which could support a large manufacturing export, or agricultural surpluses or speciahties which could not be produced elsewhere in the Mediterranean. There was another reason for the paucity o f Italian exports : the Romans were emphatically not a nation o f shopkeepers.^ The absence o f metalhc ores in the Campagna, the lack o f harbours and navigable rivers, the inland position o f Rome, and the preoccupation o f all classes with territorial expansion had all helped to prevent the rise o f a trading interest. Even the powerful knight class was more interested in contracting, tax farming and land speculation than in ordinary trade, and one o f the dangerous aspects o f this attitude was the dependence o f Rome on foreign shipping. Rome itself was a poor port, and rehed on Puteoli imtil the improvement o f Ostia by Claudius; in fact the busiest Roman ports were those o f Campania because o f the agricultural and manufacturing prosperity o f their hinterland. W ith the complete control o f such a vast trading area a mercantile policy favouring Italian industry and agriculture by the setting up o f monopohes in certain products would have seemed natural enough, but in the event there were no such safeguards against provincial competition, and in consequence Italian trade suffered. Low tariffs between the provinces made possible the existence o f an almost free trade area, and Rome’s attitude to trade under the Empire seems to have been as lacking in enthusiasm as when in 348 BC she made a very disadvantageous treaty with Carthage, whose mercantile pohcy we may guess would have been very different from Rome’s had she had the latter’s opportunities. Roman Italy seems to have deprived itself o f nothing which could be imported ; hides, skins, wool and slaves from Germany through the Alpine passes; fleeces, pork, timber and tin from Gaul through Massilia; tin from Britain via Gades; glass, paper, linen, silks, spices and wild animals through Egypt and Syria; and o f course grain from Sicily, Sardinia, Africa and Egypt. The crisis o f the fourth century was o f complex origin but revealed itself particularly in its miUtary, fiscal and economic aspects. Prices were rising rapidly as a result o f the interruption and shrinkage o f trade and insufflcient production. The reforming Emperors attacked the problems with legal weapons. Diocletian fixed commodity prices by edict (with the questionable results one would expect in the absence o f complete supervision), and in an attempt to force each group in the community to shoulder its Imperial burdens, froze the occupational pattern. In future the craftsman was to remain at his bench and the sailor on his ship; the city patrician could no longer avoid the duties o f honorary magistrate, taxgatherer and recruiting agent; above all the countryman was to remain on the land, whatever his rank, to ensure the production o f adequate food. The large landowner too became an agent o f the Imperial government, and as conditions deteriorated assumed the rôle o f rural aristocrat to whom the countrymen looked ^Tarentum had a silver coinage about three centuries before Rome. 17
Page 1 and 2: D. S. WALKER A Geography of Italy 4
Page 3 and 4: Contents P A R T I : S O M E G E O
Page 5 and 6: List of Plates — ^•anAJVkr|y0/a
Page 7 and 8: Maps and Diagrams 1 Spheres o f inf
Page 9: Acknowledgements The writer gratefu
Page 13 and 14: SOME GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY Geograph
Page 15 and 16: SETTLEMENT AND COLONIZATION the mos
Page 17 and 18: SETTLEMENT AND COLONIZATION tion, t
Page 19 and 20: SETTLEMENT AND COLONIZATION and mil
Page 21 and 22: ROMAN GEOGRAPHY shipping bringing t
Page 23 and 24: ROMAN GEOGRAPHY add their share to
Page 25: ROMAN GEOGRAPHY not unlike serfdom
Page 29 and 30: ITALY DURING THE DARK AGES Danubian
Page 31 and 32: ITALY DURING THE DARK AGES ‘hosts
Page 33 and 34: ITALY DURING THE MIDDLE AGES develo
Page 35 and 36: ITALY DURING THE MIDDLE AGES Amalfi
Page 37 and 38: ITALY DURING THE MIDDLE AGES O f th
Page 40 and 41: PART i: SOME GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
Page 42 and 43: PART i: SOME GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
Page 44 and 45: PART l: SOME GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
Page 46 and 47: ' M ' ' PART l ; SOME GEOGRAPHY AND
Page 48 and 49: PART i : SOME GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
Page 50 and 51: PART l: SOME GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
Page 52 and 53: PART i : SOME GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
Page 54: h í '‘A ''k - r - í ' í ’ -'
Page 58: PART i : SOME GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
Page 62 and 63: PART II : SOME PH YSICAL GEOGRAPHY
Page 64 and 65: PART II : SOME PH YSIC A L GEOGRAPH
Page 66: PART I I : SOME PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
Page 69 and 70: WWOiW W i 1 PART I I : SOME PH YSIC
Page 71 and 72: PART I i : SOME P H YSIC A L GEOGRA
Page 73 and 74: PART I I ; SOME PH YSIC A L GEOGRAP
Page 75 and 76: PART I I : SOME P H YSIC A L GEOGRA
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PART I I : SOME P H YSIC A L GEOGRA
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V , ’•,.zJí-‘í*r'.‘‘'T
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THE MOUNTAIN ZONE. The chestnut hor
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PART II : SOM E P H YSIC A L GEOGRA
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PART I I : SOME P H YSIC A L GEOGRA
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PART I I : SOME PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
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PART I I ; SOME PH YSIC A L GEOGRAP
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Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
' . «S. PART I I : SOME PHYSICAL G
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 106 and 107:
R E G IO N A L G EO G RAPH Y The re
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II. The Northern Lowlands. III. Lig
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THE ALPS plained by the absence o f
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THE ALPS carries the main line from
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THE ALPS the frontier in the Lugano
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PART III : REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY » i
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i*^ '••*t ' ' í S I PART I I I
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PART I I I : REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY nor
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PART I I I ; REGION A L GEOGRAPHY ,
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PART I I I : REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY 3«
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« ■ t PART III: REGIONAL GEOGRAP
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THE N ORTH ERN LOW LANDS namely pap
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THE N ORTH ERN LOW LANDS Apennines
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1 THE N ORTH ERN LOW LANDS they app
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8 THE EM ILIAN P L A IN . This form
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PART i n : REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY over
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PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY s
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PART I I I : REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY con
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PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY t
Page 147 and 148:
PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY s
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PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY c
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PART n i : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY The
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Si ü V O *0 H I « TJ 13 „ a g
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PART ni: REGIONAL G E O G R A P H Y
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PART III: REGIONAL G E O G R A P H
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If 11 PART III: REGIONAL G E O G R
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PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY *
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CENTRAL ITA LY Apennine foretrench
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CENTRAL ITA LY Terni lake, remnants
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CENTRAL ITA LY the interests o f gr
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PART I I I : REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY sou
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PART I I i : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY i
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IV[d] Tuscany PART I I i : REG IO N
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PART i n : REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY **v -
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mm PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPH
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PART III: REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY m iWM
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PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY b
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PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY F
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PART III: REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY they a
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iP A R IO L I: V ILLA BORGHESE . P-
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PART I I I : REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY s>9
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PART I I i : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY t
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PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY e
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J '7- 1 PART I I I : REGION A L GEO
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PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY a
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PART i n : REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY M any
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PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY "
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PART I I I ; REGION A L GEOGRAPHY m
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PART I I i : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY s
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i-ÍSs. . ■ í I f ' l PART I I I
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PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY m
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PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY C
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PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY t
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
PART III: REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY featur
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Page 223 and 224:
PART i n : REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY The S
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PART I I I : REGION A L GEOGRAPHY S
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PART I I I : REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY if
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SICILY 1 2 V B S'I 9 S S 2 bo O c 4
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SIC IL Y the economy o f the extens
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SARDINIA ‘huertas’ comparable w
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Caprera Gulf of Orosei C- Carboitar
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1 SARDINIA immediate hinterland o f
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I SARDINIA useful minerals produced
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P O PU LA TIO N TABLE 2 Defacto pop
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1 2 0 0 1100 1000 900
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EMIGRATION A N D INTERNAL MIGRATION
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EMIGRATION A N D INTERNAL M I GRATI
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AGRICULTURE over four-fifths of her
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AGRICULTURE {non-appoderata) common
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- : :*Év 1« - • J '- t ^ ^ ; -
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Il i a Intensive viticulture in the
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Td a tí o ’Eo . tH o • O tí ,
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X ia The Baize di Volterra (Pliocen
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- II xnia Gorge cut in the tufo of
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XV The medieval plan of Siena (A) a
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' I xvna Gully erosion in the Mioce
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xixa The rounded summits and pinewo
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; '■ 'i' I ' i iv;“® ' f o 'f'
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PART IV: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY < : I 1
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PART IV: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY irrigat
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T-^ V-*- III U. PART IV : ECONOMIC
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PART IV: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY Fuels a
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PART IV ; ECONOM IC GEOGRAPHY rubbe
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PART IV : ECON OM IC GEOGRAPHY pote
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esulted, naturally enough, in a mar
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PART IV : ECONOM IC GEOGRAPHY : ■
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PART I V : ECONOM IC GEOGRAPHY i. I
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PART iv : ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY i m 3
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PART IV: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY Sr-Sf-:
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PART iv : ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY years
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PART iv : ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY I': IN
Page 307 and 308:
PART iv : ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY Europe
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TABLE 6 EMPLOYED LABOUR FORCE (iN T
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Percentage of provincial productive
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TABLE II ITALIAN MINERAL PRODUCTION
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I l Bibliography L. BARZINI: The It
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B IB LIO G R A PH Y E. MIGLIORINI :
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Index —^wx/to/tiVlyQ/^lRRRAA/^i
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Cremona, 135, 136 Crete senesi, 166
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Massa Marittima, 157 Masserie, 188,
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INDEX Maira, 995 — Meduna, 140;
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i 53j 165; Val di Sole, 64, 103, 10
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Walker - 1967 - A geography of Italy

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