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Chapter 7: Ancient Enigmas 213<br />

there to locate any evidence of a meteorite and went on to examine other aspects of<br />

the explosion. 127<br />

What do we have so far? We have an event that seems to have affected Eastern<br />

Siberia and Northern North America more severely than other places, though<br />

whatever it was certainly amounted to a global event. We have already talked<br />

about the evidence of “nuclear bombardment” in the Great Lakes region provided<br />

by Firestone and Topping that tells us:<br />

Radiocarbon dates for Pleistocene remains in northeastern North America are as<br />

much as 10,000 years younger than for those in the western part of the country.[…]<br />

Materials from the Gainey Paleoindian site in Michigan, radiocarbon dated at 2880<br />

yr BC, are given an age by TL dating of 12,400 BC. It seems that there are so many<br />

anomalies reported in the upper US and in Canada of this type, that they cannot be<br />

explained by ancient aberrations in the atmosphere or other radiocarbon reservoirs,<br />

nor by contamination of data samples. […]<br />

Our research indicates that the entire Great Lakes region (and beyond) was<br />

subjected to particle bombardment and a catastrophic nuclear irradiation that<br />

produced secondary thermal neutrons from cosmic ray interactions. The neutrons<br />

produced unusually large quantities of Pu239 and substantially altered the natural<br />

uranium abundance ratios […]<br />

Sharp increases in C14 are apparent in the marine data at 4,000, 32,000-34,000, and<br />

12,500 BC. These increases are coincident with geomagnetic excursions. […]<br />

The enormous energy released by the catastrophe at 12,500 BC could have heated<br />

the atmosphere to over 1000 C over Michigan, and the neutron flux at more<br />

northern locations would have melted considerable glacial ice. Radiation effects on<br />

plants and animals exposed to the cosmic rays would have been lethal, comparable<br />

to being irradiated in a 5 megawatt reactor more than 100 seconds.<br />

The overall pattern of the catastrophe matches the pattern of mass extinction before<br />

Holocene times. The Western Hemisphere was more affected than the Eastern,<br />

North America more than South America, and eastern North America more than<br />

western North America. Extinction in the Great lakes area was more rapid and<br />

pronounced than elsewhere. Larger animals were more affected than smaller ones, a<br />

pattern that conforms to the expectation that radiation exposure affects large bodies<br />

more than smaller ones. 128<br />

Firestone and Topping propose that this evidence of nuclear radiation is a result<br />

of “cosmic ray bombardment” from, perhaps, a supernova. D.S. Allan, a biologist<br />

at Cambridge, and J. B. Delair, coauthor of Cataclysm!, published in 1995 in the<br />

U.K, also like the supernova hypothesis. Evidence of a supernova explosion, in the<br />

127 Howard, George A., The Carolina Bays: http://www.georgehoward.net/cbays.htm<br />

128 Firestone, Richard B., Topping, William, Terrestrial Evidence of a Nuclear Catastrophe in<br />

Paleoindian Times, dissertation research, 1990 - 2001.

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