A history of Greek mathematics Vol.II from Aristarchus to Diophantus by Heath, Thomas Little, Sir, 1921
MACEDONIA is GREECE and will always be GREECE- (if they are desperate to steal a name, Monkeydonkeys suits them just fine) ΚΑΤΩ Η ΣΥΓΚΥΒΕΡΝΗΣΗ ΤΩΝ ΠΡΟΔΟΤΩΝ!!! ΦΕΚ,ΚΚΕ,ΚΝΕ,ΚΟΜΜΟΥΝΙΣΜΟΣ,ΣΥΡΙΖΑ,ΠΑΣΟΚ,ΝΕΑ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ,ΕΓΚΛΗΜΑΤΑ,ΔΑΠ-ΝΔΦΚ, MACEDONIA,ΣΥΜΜΟΡΙΤΟΠΟΛΕΜΟΣ,ΠΡΟΣΦΟΡΕΣ,ΥΠΟΥΡΓΕΙΟ,ΕΝΟΠΛΕΣ ΔΥΝΑΜΕΙΣ,ΣΤΡΑΤΟΣ, ΑΕΡΟΠΟΡΙΑ,ΑΣΤΥΝΟΜΙΑ,ΔΗΜΑΡΧΕΙΟ,ΝΟΜΑΡΧΙΑ,ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ,ΛΟΓΟΤΕΧΝΙΑ,ΔΗΜΟΣ,LIFO,ΛΑΡΙΣΑ, ΠΕΡΙΦΕΡΕΙΑ,ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ,ΟΝΝΕΔ,ΜΟΝΗ,ΠΑΤΡΙΑΡΧΕΙΟ,ΜΕΣΗ ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΣΗ,ΙΑΤΡΙΚΗ,ΟΛΜΕ,ΑΕΚ,ΠΑΟΚ,ΦΙΛΟΛΟΓΙΚΑ,ΝΟΜΟΘΕΣΙΑ,ΔΙΚΗΓΟΡΙΚΟΣ,ΕΠΙΠΛΟ, ΣΥΜΒΟΛΑΙΟΓΡΑΦΙΚΟΣ,ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΑ,ΜΑΘΗΜΑΤΙΚΑ,ΝΕΟΛΑΙΑ,ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΑ,ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ,ΙΣΤΟΡΙΚΑ,ΑΥΓΗ,ΤΑ ΝΕΑ,ΕΘΝΟΣ,ΣΟΣΙΑΛΙΣΜΟΣ,LEFT,ΕΦΗΜΕΡΙΔΑ,ΚΟΚΚΙΝΟ,ATHENS VOICE,ΧΡΗΜΑ,ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΑ,ΕΝΕΡΓΕΙΑ, ΡΑΤΣΙΣΜΟΣ,ΠΡΟΣΦΥΓΕΣ,GREECE,ΚΟΣΜΟΣ,ΜΑΓΕΙΡΙΚΗ,ΣΥΝΤΑΓΕΣ,ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΣ,ΕΛΛΑΔΑ, ΕΜΦΥΛΙΟΣ,ΤΗΛΕΟΡΑΣΗ,ΕΓΚΥΚΛΙΟΣ,ΡΑΔΙΟΦΩΝΟ,ΓΥΜΝΑΣΤΙΚΗ,ΑΓΡΟΤΙΚΗ,ΟΛΥΜΠΙΑΚΟΣ, ΜΥΤΙΛΗΝΗ,ΧΙΟΣ,ΣΑΜΟΣ,ΠΑΤΡΙΔΑ,ΒΙΒΛΙΟ,ΕΡΕΥΝΑ,ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗ,ΚΥΝΗΓΕΤΙΚΑ,ΚΥΝΗΓΙ,ΘΡΙΛΕΡ, ΠΕΡΙΟΔΙΚΟ,ΤΕΥΧΟΣ,ΜΥΘΙΣΤΟΡΗΜΑ,ΑΔΩΝΙΣ ΓΕΩΡΓΙΑΔΗΣ,GEORGIADIS,ΦΑΝΤΑΣΤΙΚΕΣ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΕΣ, ΑΣΤΥΝΟΜΙΚΑ,ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΙΚΗ,ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΙΚΑ,ΙΚΕΑ,ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑ,ΑΤΤΙΚΗ,ΘΡΑΚΗ,ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗ,ΠΑΤΡΑ, ΙΟΝΙΟ,ΚΕΡΚΥΡΑ,ΚΩΣ,ΡΟΔΟΣ,ΚΑΒΑΛΑ,ΜΟΔΑ,ΔΡΑΜΑ,ΣΕΡΡΕΣ,ΕΥΡΥΤΑΝΙΑ,ΠΑΡΓΑ,ΚΕΦΑΛΟΝΙΑ, ΙΩΑΝΝΙΝΑ,ΛΕΥΚΑΔΑ,ΣΠΑΡΤΗ,ΠΑΞΟΙ
MACEDONIA is GREECE and will always be GREECE- (if they are desperate to steal a name, Monkeydonkeys suits them just fine)
ΚΑΤΩ Η ΣΥΓΚΥΒΕΡΝΗΣΗ ΤΩΝ ΠΡΟΔΟΤΩΝ!!!
ΦΕΚ,ΚΚΕ,ΚΝΕ,ΚΟΜΜΟΥΝΙΣΜΟΣ,ΣΥΡΙΖΑ,ΠΑΣΟΚ,ΝΕΑ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ,ΕΓΚΛΗΜΑΤΑ,ΔΑΠ-ΝΔΦΚ, MACEDONIA,ΣΥΜΜΟΡΙΤΟΠΟΛΕΜΟΣ,ΠΡΟΣΦΟΡΕΣ,ΥΠΟΥΡΓΕΙΟ,ΕΝΟΠΛΕΣ ΔΥΝΑΜΕΙΣ,ΣΤΡΑΤΟΣ, ΑΕΡΟΠΟΡΙΑ,ΑΣΤΥΝΟΜΙΑ,ΔΗΜΑΡΧΕΙΟ,ΝΟΜΑΡΧΙΑ,ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ,ΛΟΓΟΤΕΧΝΙΑ,ΔΗΜΟΣ,LIFO,ΛΑΡΙΣΑ, ΠΕΡΙΦΕΡΕΙΑ,ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ,ΟΝΝΕΔ,ΜΟΝΗ,ΠΑΤΡΙΑΡΧΕΙΟ,ΜΕΣΗ ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΣΗ,ΙΑΤΡΙΚΗ,ΟΛΜΕ,ΑΕΚ,ΠΑΟΚ,ΦΙΛΟΛΟΓΙΚΑ,ΝΟΜΟΘΕΣΙΑ,ΔΙΚΗΓΟΡΙΚΟΣ,ΕΠΙΠΛΟ, ΣΥΜΒΟΛΑΙΟΓΡΑΦΙΚΟΣ,ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΑ,ΜΑΘΗΜΑΤΙΚΑ,ΝΕΟΛΑΙΑ,ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΑ,ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ,ΙΣΤΟΡΙΚΑ,ΑΥΓΗ,ΤΑ ΝΕΑ,ΕΘΝΟΣ,ΣΟΣΙΑΛΙΣΜΟΣ,LEFT,ΕΦΗΜΕΡΙΔΑ,ΚΟΚΚΙΝΟ,ATHENS VOICE,ΧΡΗΜΑ,ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΑ,ΕΝΕΡΓΕΙΑ, ΡΑΤΣΙΣΜΟΣ,ΠΡΟΣΦΥΓΕΣ,GREECE,ΚΟΣΜΟΣ,ΜΑΓΕΙΡΙΚΗ,ΣΥΝΤΑΓΕΣ,ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΣ,ΕΛΛΑΔΑ, ΕΜΦΥΛΙΟΣ,ΤΗΛΕΟΡΑΣΗ,ΕΓΚΥΚΛΙΟΣ,ΡΑΔΙΟΦΩΝΟ,ΓΥΜΝΑΣΤΙΚΗ,ΑΓΡΟΤΙΚΗ,ΟΛΥΜΠΙΑΚΟΣ, ΜΥΤΙΛΗΝΗ,ΧΙΟΣ,ΣΑΜΟΣ,ΠΑΤΡΙΔΑ,ΒΙΒΛΙΟ,ΕΡΕΥΝΑ,ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗ,ΚΥΝΗΓΕΤΙΚΑ,ΚΥΝΗΓΙ,ΘΡΙΛΕΡ, ΠΕΡΙΟΔΙΚΟ,ΤΕΥΧΟΣ,ΜΥΘΙΣΤΟΡΗΜΑ,ΑΔΩΝΙΣ ΓΕΩΡΓΙΑΔΗΣ,GEORGIADIS,ΦΑΝΤΑΣΤΙΚΕΣ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΕΣ, ΑΣΤΥΝΟΜΙΚΑ,ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΙΚΗ,ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΙΚΑ,ΙΚΕΑ,ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑ,ΑΤΤΙΚΗ,ΘΡΑΚΗ,ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗ,ΠΑΤΡΑ, ΙΟΝΙΟ,ΚΕΡΚΥΡΑ,ΚΩΣ,ΡΟΔΟΣ,ΚΑΒΑΛΑ,ΜΟΔΑ,ΔΡΑΜΑ,ΣΕΡΡΕΣ,ΕΥΡΥΤΑΝΙΑ,ΠΑΡΓΑ,ΚΕΦΑΛΟΝΙΑ, ΙΩΑΝΝΙΝΑ,ΛΕΥΚΑΔΑ,ΣΠΑΡΤΗ,ΠΑΞΟΙ
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Now<br />
THE COLLECTION. BOOK <strong>II</strong>I 367<br />
EA+AC > EF+FC<br />
> EG + GC and > GC, a fortiori.<br />
Produce GC <strong>to</strong> K so that GK = EA+AC, and with G as<br />
centre and GK as radius describe a circle. This circle w T ill<br />
meet EC and HG, because GH = EB > BD or DA+AC and<br />
> GK, a fortiori.<br />
Then HG + GL = BE+EA+AC=BA + AC.<br />
To obtain two straight lines HG', G'L such that HG'+G'L<br />
> BA + AC, we have only <strong>to</strong> choose G' so that HG', G'L<br />
enclose the straight lines HG, GL completely.<br />
Next suppose that, given a triangle A BC in which BC > BA<br />
> AC, we are required <strong>to</strong> draw <strong>from</strong> two points on BC <strong>to</strong><br />
an internal point two straight lines greater respectively than<br />
BA, AC.<br />
With B as centre and BA as radius describe the arc AEF.<br />
and any point D on BE produced<br />
Take any point E on it,<br />
but within the triangle. Join DC, and produce it <strong>to</strong> G so<br />
that DG = AC. Then with D as centre and DG as radius<br />
describe a circle. This will meet both BC and BD because<br />
BA > AC, and a fortiori DB > DG.<br />
Then, if L be any point on BH, it is clear that BD, DL<br />
are two straight lines satisfying the conditions.<br />
A point L' on BH can be found such that DL' is equal<br />
<strong>to</strong> A B <strong>by</strong> marking <strong>of</strong>f DN on DB equal <strong>to</strong> A B and drawing<br />
with D as centre and DiV as radius a circle meeting BH<br />
in L'. Also, if DH be joined, DH = AC.<br />
Propositions follow (35-9) having a similar relation <strong>to</strong> the<br />
Postulate in Archimedes, On the Sphere and Cylinder, I,<br />
about conterminous broken lines one <strong>of</strong> which wholly encloses<br />
368 PAPPUS OF ALEXANDRIA<br />
the other, i.e. it is shown that broken lines, consisting <strong>of</strong><br />
several straight lines, can be drawn with two points on the<br />
base <strong>of</strong> a triangle or parallelogram as extremities, and <strong>of</strong><br />
greater <strong>to</strong>tal length than the remaining two sides <strong>of</strong> the<br />
triangle or three sides <strong>of</strong> the parallelogram.<br />
Props. 40-2 show that triangles or parallelograms can be<br />
constructed with sides respectively greater than those <strong>of</strong> a given<br />
triangle or parallelogram but having a less area.<br />
Section (4). The inscribing <strong>of</strong> the five regular solids<br />
in a<br />
sphere.<br />
The fourth section <strong>of</strong> Book <strong>II</strong>I (pp. 132-62) solves the<br />
problems <strong>of</strong> inscribing each <strong>of</strong> the five regular solids in a<br />
given sphere. After some preliminary lemmas (Props. 43-53),<br />
Pappus attacks the substantive problems (Props. 54-8), using<br />
the method <strong>of</strong> analysis followed <strong>by</strong> synthesis in the case <strong>of</strong><br />
each solid.<br />
(a) In order <strong>to</strong> inscribe a regular pyramid or tetrahedron in<br />
the sphere, he finds two circular sections equal and parallel<br />
<strong>to</strong> one another, each <strong>of</strong> which contains one <strong>of</strong> two opposite<br />
edges as its diameter.<br />
If d be the diameter <strong>of</strong> the sphere, the<br />
parallel circular sections have d' as diameter, where d 2 — \d' 2 .<br />
(b) In the case <strong>of</strong> the cube Pappus again finds two parallel<br />
circular sections with diameter df such that d = 2 ^d' 2 ;<br />
a square<br />
inscribed in one <strong>of</strong> these circles is one face <strong>of</strong> the cube and<br />
the square with sides parallel <strong>to</strong> those <strong>of</strong> the first square<br />
inscribed in the second circle is the opposite face.<br />
(c) In the case <strong>of</strong> the octahedron the same two parallel circular<br />
sections with diameter d' such that d = 2 fcT<br />
2<br />
are used; an<br />
equilateral triangle inscribed in one circle is<br />
one face, and the<br />
opposite face is an equilateral triangle inscribed in the other<br />
circle but placed in exactly the opposite way.<br />
(d)<br />
In the case <strong>of</strong> the icosahedron Pappus finds four parallel<br />
circular sections each passing through three <strong>of</strong> the vertices <strong>of</strong><br />
the icosahedron ; two <strong>of</strong> these are small circles circumscribing<br />
two opposite triangular faces respectively, and the other two<br />
circles are between these two circles, parallel <strong>to</strong> them, and<br />
equal <strong>to</strong> one another. The pairs <strong>of</strong> circles are determined in