Crossing the Borders: New Methods and Techniques in the Study of Archaeological Materials from the Caribbean

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Table 11.1. Summary of Artifacts Selected for Analysis by Provenance, Type, and Location/Number of Point Samples. Artifact Number (Cat. #) Site and Provenance Artifact type and raw material Use-wear sections and number samples points in parenthesis Artifact 1 (FS-998) Artifact 2 (FS-905) Artifact 3 (FS-916) Artifact 4 (FS-996) Artifact 5 (FS-XXX) Artifact 6 (FS-946) Artifact 7 (FS-881) Cueva de Los Muertos (SR-1) Strat. IIIb-Lev. 4. 128–165 cm BD Cueva de Los Muertos (SR-1) Strat. II-Lev. 2 Cueva de Los Muertos (SR-1) Strat. IIIa-Lev. 3 125- cmBD Vega de Nelo Vargas (Utu-27) Block E (mss)* Vega de Nelo Vargas (Utu-27) Block E (mss)* Vega de Nelo Vargas (Utu-27) Block C: N940.72-W852.15 (mss)* Vega de Nelo Vargas (Utu-27) Test Unit N951-W857.5 Stratum 3 Mortar and possible edgeground tool: granodiorite Concavity (1), faceted section (1), lateral facet (1) and use-wear periphery (1) Mortar fragment: granodiorite Concavity (1) and use-wear periphery (1) Spherical mano (pestle): granodiorite Mortar and possible edge ground tool: granodiorite Mortar: limestone Concavity (1) coarse spheroidal mano, granodiorite Mortar: meteorized grandiorite (large hornblende crystals) Pecked surface (1) and use-wear periphery (1) Concavity one (1), concavity two (1), faceted surface (1) and use-wear periphery (1) Faceted surface(1) Faceted surface (1) *(mss) = machine-scraped surface; that is, on top of Stratum I as recorded in the North-South Trench You are reading copyrighted material published by the University of Alabama Press. Any posting, copying, or distributing of this work beyond fair use as defined under U.S. Copyright law is illegal and injures the author and publisher. For permission to reuse this work, contact the University of Alabama Press.
144 / Pagán Jiménez and Oliver solution of water and liquid glycerol, since the volume and weight (< 0.006 g) of the sample was insufficient to process with CsCl. The work surface of the implement was thoroughly cleaned with a new, moist rag. To handle the artifacts, talc- free latex gloves were used at all times. A sterile paper was placed on the working surface and, over the paper, the portion of the artifact to be sampled. Next, sediment residues (dry method) were extracted using a sterilized dental pick (see also Pearsall et al. 2004; Perry 2004). Before each new point sample was taken, the workspace was cleaned again, and materials were replaced. Finally, the extracted sediment was placed on sterile white paper, which was then placed inside a sterile plastic zip- lock bag with the appropriate label. For 11 of the samples, the following protocol was applied, modified from Atchison and Fullagar (1998), Barton et al. (1998) and Pearsall et al. (2004). Each sample was placed in a sterile plastic centrifuge tube, and then a solution of CsCl with a specific gravity of 1.79 g/ cm-3 was added. The objective was to separate the starch grains through flotation and to isolate them from other particles, as the starches are known to have an average specific gravity of 1.5 g/ cm-3 (Banks and Greenwood 1975). A centrifuge running at 2,500 rpm and lasting for 12 minutes during the first phase effected the separation. The supernatant, where the starch grains would be contained, was decanted and poured into a new sterile centrifuge plastic tube. The next step was to add distilled water to the sample and agitate the mix for ten seconds. This process reduced the specific gravity of the mixture through the dilution of salt crystals with the objective of eliminating, with repeated washes, their presence. This last step was repeated two more times, but adding less water in each successive step, and running each sample through the centrifuge at 3,200 rpm for 15 minutes. A droplet taken from remaining residue was then placed on a sterile slide. Half a drop of liquid glycerol was added and stirred with a stick or needle in order to increase the viscosity of the medium and enhance the birefringence of the starch grains. The Taxonomic Ascription of the Recovered Starch Grains The study of starch grains in archaeology provides a useful means to address questions about plant utilization. It is not meant to be a substitute for other macro- and microbotanical (phytolith, pollen) analytical techniques but rather to complement them. As other studies have shown, starch residues can preserve for a long time in the imperfect, irregular (i.e., pores, fissures, cracks) surfaces of lithic tools related to the processing of plant organs (e.g., Haslam 2004; Loy et al. 1992; Pagán Jiménez 2002a, 2002b, 2005a, 2005b; Pearsall et al. 2004; Piperno and Holst 1998). If starch grains can be extracted from a tool and correlated to the starch of a known plant then a direct link can be established between the implement and the starch- rich plant or plants that it processed. You are reading copyrighted material published by the University of Alabama Press. Any posting, copying, or distributing of this work beyond fair use as defined under U.S. Copyright law is illegal and injures the author and publisher. For permission to reuse this work, contact the University of Alabama Press.
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Crossing the Borders You are readin
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Crossing the Borders New Methods an
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Contents List of Illustrations 1. C
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Contents / vii References Cited 233
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List of Illustrations FIGURES 2.1.
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Illustrations / xi 10.2. Use- wear
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Crossing the Borders You are readin
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1 Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries
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New Methods and Techniques / 3 Rous
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New Methods and Techniques / 5 cal
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New Methods and Techniques / 7 niqu
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New Methods and Techniques / 9 (Van
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New Methods and Techniques / 11 tur
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New Methods and Techniques / 13 inc
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New Methods and Techniques / 15 ect
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New Methods and Techniques / 17 Pal
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I PROVENANCE STUDIES You are readin
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2 In Tuneful Threefold Combining Co
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Archaeological Methods, Archaeometr
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Figure 2.5. Diagram showing the res
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Metal Objects and Indigenous Values
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4 Chert Sourcing in the Northern Le
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Geochemical Techniques in Discrimin
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Corbison Point (CP) Central Plain g
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Table 4.3. Antigua Formation Flints
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II FUNCTIONAL STUDIES OF ARTIFACTS
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5 A New Material to View the Past D
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Dental Alginate Molds of Friable Ar
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Figure 5.3. Weave pattern schematic
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Investigating Stone Bead Drilling T
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Lithic Technology / 91 Figure 7.1.
Page 108 and 109: Lithic Technology / 93 of researche
Page 110 and 111: Figure 7.2. a: Vivé, small bipolar
Page 112 and 113: Lithic Technology / 97 north. Red j
Page 114 and 115: Lithic Technology / 99 Figure 7.4.
Page 116 and 117: 8 Tool Use and Technological Choice
Page 118 and 119: Functional Analysis of Caribbean To
Page 124 and 125: Figure 8.3. Toolkit for the product
Page 130 and 131: 9 Understanding the Function of Cor
Page 132 and 133: Function of Coral Tools from Anse
Page 136 and 137: Figure 9.4. Matching experimental a
Page 140 and 141: 10 The Significance of Wear and Res
Page 142 and 143: Significance of Wear and Residue St
Page 148 and 149: Figure 10.5. a: starch grain with e
Page 152 and 153: 11 Starch Residues on Lithic Artifa
Page 154 and 155: Starch Residues on Lithic Artifacts
Page 156 and 157: Figure 11.2. Lithic tools from Los
Page 162 and 163: Fabaceae 2 6 1 1 10 50% Phaseolus v
Page 164 and 165: Figure 11.3. Archaeological starch
Page 166 and 167: Figure 11.4. Archaeological starch
Page 172 and 173: Dioscorea sp. (pos. domest.) 1 12.5
Page 174 and 175: 12 The Burén in Precolonial Cuban
Page 176 and 177: Plants and Ceramic Griddles / 161 p
Page 178 and 179: Table 12.1. Plant Identi¤cation by
Page 180 and 181: Plants and Ceramic Griddles / 165 I
Page 182 and 183: Plants and Ceramic Griddles / 167 m
Page 184 and 185: Plants and Ceramic Griddles / 169 t
Page 186 and 187: III NEW TRENDS IN PALEOETHNOBOTANIC
Page 188 and 189: 13 Caribbean Paleoethnobotany Prese
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Page 198 and 199: Archaic Age Early Ceramic Age Later
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Caribbean Paleoethnobotany / 193 wi
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14 New Evidence of Two Different Mi
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New Evidence of Two Different Migra
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Table 14.2b. Continued CEI CUD ECD
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Table 14.4. Continued CUD ECD CVR O
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Tracing Human Mobility with 87 Sr/
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Table 15.2. Strontium Ratios of Hum
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Epilogue / 227 cially apparent when
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Epilogue / 229 nore the diversity t
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Epilogue / 231 derstanding of prehi
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References Cited Abel, T. 1998 Comp
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References Cited / 235 1974 Archéo
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References Cited / 237 Bertouille,
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References Cited / 239 1964 The Arc
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References Cited / 241 Coomans, H.
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References Cited / 243 2005 Caribbe
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References Cited / 245 De Mille, C.
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References Cited / 247 Febles, J.,
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References Cited / 249 a Sicán Bur
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References Cited / 251 Haslam, M. 2
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References Cited / 253 Hofman, C. L
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References Cited / 255 Lange, H. S.
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References Cited / 257 Kennedy, M.
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References Cited / 259 columbian Go
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References Cited / 261 mental Micro
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References Cited / 263 Montgomery,
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References Cited / 265 Norr, L. 200
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References Cited / 267 1855 by J. A
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References Cited / 269 Peterson, L.
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References Cited / 271 of the State
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References Cited / 273 Roobol, M. J
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References Cited / 275 Schweingrube
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References Cited / 277 Sjøvold, T.
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References Cited / 279 Townsend, G.
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References Cited / 281 Site on the
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References Cited / 283 Walker, J. B
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Contributors Benoît Bérard is Ma
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Contributors / 287 Wales, U.K. sinc
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Contributors / 289 chaeology, Leide
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Index Aceramic Age: peoples of, 195
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Scanning electron microscope/ energ
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Crossing the Borders: New Methods and Techniques in the Study of Archaeological Materials from the Caribbean

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