Crossing the Borders: New Methods and Techniques in the Study of Archaeological Materials from the Caribbean

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Table 13.2. Plant Taxa Indicated in Early Historic Records of European Chroniclers. 1 Plant Taxa Latin Name Vernaculars 2 Details 3 Root crops: manioc Manihot escultenta yuca or cassava (cazabi) (1) (6) sweet potato Ipomoea batatas hage, batata, aje (or “age”) tanier Xanthosoma sp. yautía, tannia (X. sagittifoluim) arrowroot Maranta arundinacea araru sweet corn-root Calathea sp. (C. allouia) ileren, topitambour yam Dioscorea tri¤da yampee, kush-kush edible canna Canna sp. maraca, toliman zamia Zamia sp. guayiga, coontie rhubarb-like plant unknown unknown (2) Maize Zea mays mahiz, máhici (3) Legumes: beans Phaseolus spp., probably common bean, lima bean (4) P. vulgaris and P. lunatus peanut Arachas hypogaea cacahuete, maní Peppers Capsicum spp. axi, hatty, red pepper, pimiento (5) Pineapple Ananas comosus yayagua (6) Narcotics: tobacco Nicotiana sp. tabaco and cohoba (tobacco (6) (7) powder) anadenanthera Anadenanthera peregrina cojóbana (8) unknown herb possibly Oenothera sp. gioia (8) Utilitarian: cotton Gossypium sp. carobei, cotton (9) annatto Bixa orellana bija, achiote, annatto (10) genipop Genipa americana xagua, jagua, genip 1 Key sources: Dunn and Kelley 1989; Hulme and Whitehead 1991; Kimber 1988; Lay¤eld [1598] 1995; Nieves-Rivera et al. 1995; Oviedo [1526] 1959; Pané [1505] 2001; Sauer 1966. 2 Taíno vernaculars (in italics) are primarily from Granberry and Vescelius 2004; see also Sauer 1966. 3 Relevant details from ethnohistoric documents: (1) Manioc, “yuca,” also known as cassava (particularly the bread product) see Table 13.1. (2) Unknown root crop: “. . . Vicente Anes, its [the Niña] captain, af¤rmed that he had seen rhubarb . . . and that he had recognized the stalks and roots. They say that rhubarb puts out small stalks above the ground and some fruits that look almost like dry, green mulberries; and the stem, Continued on the next page You are reading copyrighted material published by the University of Alabama Press. Any posting, copying, or distributing of this work beyond fair use as defined under U.S. Copyright law is illegal and injures the author and publisher. For permission to reuse this work, contact the University of Alabama Press.
Table 13.2. Continued which is close to the root, is yellow and handsome as the best possible color for painting, and under the ground it forms a root like a big pear” (December 30, 1492 [Dunn and Kelley 1989:297]). (3) Maize: “when the ears are tender they are eaten almost like milk” (Oviedo [1526] 1959:14–15; and see Ortega and Guerrero 1981; Sauer 1966; Sturtevant 1961). And “it is a grain of very high yield, of the size of the lupine, of the roundness of the chick-pea, and yields a meal ground to a very ¤ne powder; it is ground as is wheat and yields a bread of very good taste; many chew the seeds when in need of nourishment” (Coma quoted in Sauer 1966:55). The following excerpt from Lay¤eld ([1598] 1995) suggests bread was produced from two races of maize present in the islands: “Además del casabe [cassava, yuca] cuentan con el maíz, del caul se hace un pan muy ¤no, que usan mucho. Hay dos clases de maíz, el más pequeño no se diferencia mucho del arroz; en proporción, tamaúo y gusto: éste nunca le ví en plantación o crudo, pero lo he visto en la fuente, y al principio lo tome por arroz, exceptuando que yo me creí que estaba un poco in®ado. Los que lo comían que sabía a arroz. La otra clase la he visto en plantíos y es la misma o se parece mucho al grano que nosotros llamamos trigo; crece con un tallo nudoso como una caña con grandes hojas esparcidas; crece hasta la altura de braza y media por lo menos, y en la misma punta brota la mazorca” (my clari¤cations added in brackets). (4) Beans: “and they have varieties of bean very different from ours . . .” (November 4, 1492 [Dunn and Kelley 1989:133]). (5) Peppers: “There is also much chili, which is their pepper, of a kind more valuable than [black] pepper, and none of the people eat without it, for they ¤nd it very healthful” (January 15, 1493 [Dunn and Kelly 1989:341]). According to De Las Casas (in Sauer 1966:57), the Taíno Indians regularly used three types of pepper. Two of these were evidently domesticated--one with long red, ¤nger-shaped fruit (e.g., Capsicum annuum) and the other with a smaller round, cherrylike and more pungent fruit (perhaps [?] C. chinensis [see Pickersgill 1984]), and the third was considered wild, with a small fruit. It seems likely that all three were potentially grown or casually tended in and around home gardens or in more formal plots. (6) Pineapple and other taxa cultivated in the Lesser Antilles: “and fetching from their houses great store of Tobacco, as also a kind of bread which they fed on, called Cassavi, very white and savourie, made of the rootes of Cassavi [cassava, manioc]” (Hakluyt’s Principal Navigations, 1585–86 [Hulme and Whitehead 1991:53]) (and see Table 13.1 on home gardens). (7) Tobacco use in the Greater Antilles: “The Indians of this island had a bad vice among others, which is taking a smoke they called tobacco, to leave the senses. This herb was most precious by the Indians, and it was planted in their orchards and farm lands for what I said; they insinuate if you take the weed and to smoke it was not only a sane stuff, but very sacred” (Oviedo 1556, quoted in Nieves- Rivera et al. 1995). Columbus diary: “The two Christians found along the way many people going back and forth between their villages, men and women with a ¤rebrand of weeds in their hands to take in the fragrant smoke to which they are accustomed” (November 6, 1492 [Dunn and Kelly 1989:139]). (8) Cojoba (narcotic snuff): “the cohoba is a certain snuff, which they use sometimes to purge themselves and for other uses . . . they take it with a cane about the size of an arm and a half; then putting one side in the nose and the other in the snuff, they inhaled it and this makes them purge greatly” (Pané 1498, quoted in Nieves-Rivera et al. 1995). The snuff was made from pulverized and powdered seeds of the tree cojóbana (Anadenanthera peregrina) combined with crushed shell or lime. This mixture was inhaled directly into the nostrils through tubes made of pottery or wood as part of the important cojoba ritual (Alegría 1997; Nieves-Rivera et al. 1995). Cojóbana seeds contain an adrenergic agent known as bufotenine, a powerful hallucinogenic drug that strongly affects the cardiovascular and nervous systems (Dobkin de Rios 1984:120). Ritual practices also involved vomiting induced mechanically (Alegría 1997; Kaye 2001; Olazagasti 1997), with the shaman entering into a trance state, including for the treatment of disease or general ill state of being. Evidently such healing rituals often began with the use of the herb called gioia (Rouse 1992:14). (9) Cotton in the Greater Antilles: “and much cotton, which they do not plant; and there grow in the mountains very large trees of it; and I believe they have cotton to pick in all seasons because I saw open pods, and others opening, and ®owers, all on one tree” (November 4, 1492 [Dunn and Kelley You are reading copyrighted material published by the University of Alabama Press. Any posting, copying, or distributing of this work beyond fair use as defined under U.S. Copyright law is illegal and injures the author and publisher. For permission to reuse this work, contact the University of Alabama Press.
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Crossing the Borders You are readin
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Crossing the Borders New Methods an
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Contents List of Illustrations 1. C
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Contents / vii References Cited 233
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List of Illustrations FIGURES 2.1.
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Illustrations / xi 10.2. Use- wear
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Crossing the Borders You are readin
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1 Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries
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New Methods and Techniques / 3 Rous
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New Methods and Techniques / 5 cal
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New Methods and Techniques / 7 niqu
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New Methods and Techniques / 9 (Van
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New Methods and Techniques / 11 tur
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New Methods and Techniques / 13 inc
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New Methods and Techniques / 15 ect
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New Methods and Techniques / 17 Pal
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I PROVENANCE STUDIES You are readin
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2 In Tuneful Threefold Combining Co
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Archaeological Methods, Archaeometr
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Figure 2.5. Diagram showing the res
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Metal Objects and Indigenous Values
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4 Chert Sourcing in the Northern Le
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Geochemical Techniques in Discrimin
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Corbison Point (CP) Central Plain g
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Table 4.3. Antigua Formation Flints
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II FUNCTIONAL STUDIES OF ARTIFACTS
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5 A New Material to View the Past D
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Dental Alginate Molds of Friable Ar
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Figure 5.3. Weave pattern schematic
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Investigating Stone Bead Drilling T
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Lithic Technology / 91 Figure 7.1.
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Lithic Technology / 93 of researche
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Figure 7.2. a: Vivé, small bipolar
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Lithic Technology / 97 north. Red j
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Lithic Technology / 99 Figure 7.4.
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8 Tool Use and Technological Choice
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Functional Analysis of Caribbean To
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Figure 8.3. Toolkit for the product
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9 Understanding the Function of Cor
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Function of Coral Tools from Anse
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Figure 9.4. Matching experimental a
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10 The Significance of Wear and Res
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Page 154 and 155: Starch Residues on Lithic Artifacts
Page 156 and 157: Figure 11.2. Lithic tools from Los
Page 158 and 159: Table 11.1. Summary of Artifacts Se
Page 162 and 163: Fabaceae 2 6 1 1 10 50% Phaseolus v
Page 164 and 165: Figure 11.3. Archaeological starch
Page 166 and 167: Figure 11.4. Archaeological starch
Page 172 and 173: Dioscorea sp. (pos. domest.) 1 12.5
Page 174 and 175: 12 The Burén in Precolonial Cuban
Page 176 and 177: Plants and Ceramic Griddles / 161 p
Page 178 and 179: Table 12.1. Plant Identi¤cation by
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Page 186 and 187: III NEW TRENDS IN PALEOETHNOBOTANIC
Page 188 and 189: 13 Caribbean Paleoethnobotany Prese
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Page 198 and 199: Archaic Age Early Ceramic Age Later
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Page 206 and 207: Caribbean Paleoethnobotany / 191 ap
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Page 212 and 213: New Evidence of Two Different Migra
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Epilogue / 227 cially apparent when
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Epilogue / 229 nore the diversity t
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Epilogue / 231 derstanding of prehi
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References Cited Abel, T. 1998 Comp
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References Cited / 235 1974 Archéo
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References Cited / 237 Bertouille,
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References Cited / 239 1964 The Arc
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References Cited / 241 Coomans, H.
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References Cited / 243 2005 Caribbe
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References Cited / 245 De Mille, C.
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References Cited / 247 Febles, J.,
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References Cited / 249 a Sicán Bur
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References Cited / 251 Haslam, M. 2
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References Cited / 253 Hofman, C. L
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References Cited / 255 Lange, H. S.
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References Cited / 257 Kennedy, M.
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References Cited / 259 columbian Go
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References Cited / 261 mental Micro
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References Cited / 263 Montgomery,
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References Cited / 265 Norr, L. 200
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References Cited / 267 1855 by J. A
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References Cited / 269 Peterson, L.
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References Cited / 271 of the State
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References Cited / 273 Roobol, M. J
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References Cited / 275 Schweingrube
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References Cited / 277 Sjøvold, T.
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References Cited / 279 Townsend, G.
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References Cited / 281 Site on the
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References Cited / 283 Walker, J. B
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Contributors Benoît Bérard is Ma
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Contributors / 287 Wales, U.K. sinc
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Contributors / 289 chaeology, Leide
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Index Aceramic Age: peoples of, 195
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Scanning electron microscope/ energ
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Crossing the Borders: New Methods and Techniques in the Study of Archaeological Materials from the Caribbean

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