Crossing the Borders: New Methods and Techniques in the Study of Archaeological Materials from the Caribbean

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Geochemical Techniques in Discriminating Chert Materials / 57 Comparing chert from the Central Plain Group tuff and Antigua Formation limestone of the Antigua Island, allows distinction as based on Al/ K ratios, reflecting mixed land derived/ marine and mainly marine clay mineral assemblages, respectively (Table 4.2 and Figure 4.6). Chert that formed in tuff displays higher intrasource variability, reflecting formation in beds of low terrigeneous input (low Al/ K ratio), as well as in beds with high terrigeneous input (high Al/ K ratio). Comparing the Al/ K ratio of the St. Kitts chert (flint) to the Antigua Formation chert (flint), suggests that also the former has a marine origin and was probably formed in limestone, although possibly of different type than the Antigua Formation, or else of the same type but affected by differences in later weathering, as follows from the differences between the trace element suites. Weathering also has a significant impact on the trace- element composition. Prolonged exposure, by this we mean in geological rather than archaeological terms, to chemical processes in soils proved to be most severe, more than the effects of seawater. Comparing trace element composition of primary and secondary chert (flint) from the Antigua formation, suggests that Na, trapped as interstitial water, is lost in chert from secondary context (Table 4.3). The lower Ca and Mg concentration in chert from secondary context suggests dissolution of carbonates, increase of porosity and specific surface area, further promoting quartz dissolution and change to lighter color, during weathering. Porosity of the rock also induces iron and manganese oxidation. Depending on the water transport in the flint, Fe (and Mn) may be precipitated in bands in the outer parts of the rock. Slowly clay minerals and other terrestrial minerals, trapped in the quartz and calcite, are dissolved resulting in lower Al, K, and Ti concentrations. K and Ti decrease relatively more in concentration than Al, as they are more reactive. Decrease in Li and Cr indicate actual quartz dissolution. These elements are least affected by weathering suggesting relatively little quartz is dissolved. Depending on the Fe contents in the surrounding soil new Fe (and Mn) may be precipitated in the voids that are formed after solution. If Fe content is higher in the surrounding soil than in the flint this will result in an increase of Fe in the flint, as has been the case at the secondary Antigua Formation Blackman’s Point source and some of the secondary Puerto Rican sources. For some sources, intrasource variability may be low enough to assign samples to a single source, for others intrasource variability may be so high that trace element values of different sources overlap, and samples cannot be clearly assigned to a single source. This is particularly true for the secondary chert sources on Puerto Rico and St. Kitts. Source Discrimination The acquisition of quantifiable variables, the trace elements in chert, offers the possibility to employ multivariable statistical analysis, of which Discriminant You are reading copyrighted material published by the University of Alabama Press. Any posting, copying, or distributing of this work beyond fair use as defined under U.S. Copyright law is illegal and injures the author and publisher. For permission to reuse this work, contact the University of Alabama Press.
Table 4.2. Average Values, Standard Deviations (sd), and Relative Standard Deviations (RSD) of Trace Element Al/K Ratios in Caribbean Flints and Cherts by Source. Al/K Sources N mean sd RSD Long Island 21 3.21 0.26 8.16 Little Cove 13 3.39 0.18 5.25 Soldier Point 10 3.08 0.42 13.68 Blackman’s Point 12 4.60 1.52 32.97 Coconut Hall 11 3.26 1.03 31.62 Corbison Point 7 4.50 1.27 28.13 Dry Hill 13 4.50 1.58 35.14 Shirley Heights 9 4.66 3.87 83.00 Cerillo 13 5.26 3.04 57.77 Las Palmas 8 7.02 4.07 58.07 Pedernales 6 2.77 0.68 24.75 Villa Taina 11 1.85 0.86 46.49 Moca 8 2.36 1.31 55.41 St. Kitts 15 1.73 0.49 28.09 Figure 4.6. Overview of flint and chert geochemistry in the northeastern Antilles. You are reading copyrighted material published by the University of Alabama Press. Any posting, copying, or distributing of this work beyond fair use as defined under U.S. Copyright law is illegal and injures the author and publisher. For permission to reuse this work, contact the University of Alabama Press.
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Crossing the Borders You are readin
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Crossing the Borders New Methods an
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Contents List of Illustrations 1. C
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Contents / vii References Cited 233
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List of Illustrations FIGURES 2.1.
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Illustrations / xi 10.2. Use- wear
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Crossing the Borders You are readin
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1 Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries
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New Methods and Techniques / 3 Rous
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New Methods and Techniques / 5 cal
Page 22 and 23: New Methods and Techniques / 7 niqu
Page 24 and 25: New Methods and Techniques / 9 (Van
Page 26 and 27: New Methods and Techniques / 11 tur
Page 28 and 29: New Methods and Techniques / 13 inc
Page 30 and 31: New Methods and Techniques / 15 ect
Page 32 and 33: New Methods and Techniques / 17 Pal
Page 34 and 35: I PROVENANCE STUDIES You are readin
Page 36 and 37: 2 In Tuneful Threefold Combining Co
Page 38 and 39: Archaeological Methods, Archaeometr
Page 44 and 45: Figure 2.5. Diagram showing the res
Page 50 and 51: Metal Objects and Indigenous Values
Page 58 and 59: 4 Chert Sourcing in the Northern Le
Page 60 and 61: Geochemical Techniques in Discrimin
Page 66 and 67: Corbison Point (CP) Central Plain g
Page 74 and 75: Table 4.3. Antigua Formation Flints
Page 82 and 83: II FUNCTIONAL STUDIES OF ARTIFACTS
Page 84 and 85: 5 A New Material to View the Past D
Page 86 and 87: Dental Alginate Molds of Friable Ar
Page 90 and 91: Figure 5.3. Weave pattern schematic
Page 94 and 95: Investigating Stone Bead Drilling T
Page 106 and 107: Lithic Technology / 91 Figure 7.1.
Page 108 and 109: Lithic Technology / 93 of researche
Page 110 and 111: Figure 7.2. a: Vivé, small bipolar
Page 112 and 113: Lithic Technology / 97 north. Red j
Page 114 and 115: Lithic Technology / 99 Figure 7.4.
Page 116 and 117: 8 Tool Use and Technological Choice
Page 118 and 119: Functional Analysis of Caribbean To
Page 120 and 121: Functional Analysis of Caribbean To
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Functional Analysis of Caribbean To
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Figure 8.3. Toolkit for the product
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9 Understanding the Function of Cor
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Function of Coral Tools from Anse
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Figure 9.4. Matching experimental a
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10 The Significance of Wear and Res
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Significance of Wear and Residue St
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Figure 10.5. a: starch grain with e
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11 Starch Residues on Lithic Artifa
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Starch Residues on Lithic Artifacts
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Figure 11.2. Lithic tools from Los
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Table 11.1. Summary of Artifacts Se
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Fabaceae 2 6 1 1 10 50% Phaseolus v
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Figure 11.3. Archaeological starch
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Figure 11.4. Archaeological starch
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Dioscorea sp. (pos. domest.) 1 12.5
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12 The Burén in Precolonial Cuban
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Plants and Ceramic Griddles / 161 p
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Table 12.1. Plant Identi¤cation by
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Plants and Ceramic Griddles / 165 I
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Plants and Ceramic Griddles / 167 m
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Plants and Ceramic Griddles / 169 t
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III NEW TRENDS IN PALEOETHNOBOTANIC
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13 Caribbean Paleoethnobotany Prese
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Table 13.1. Selected Excerpts and C
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Table 13.2. Plant Taxa Indicated in
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Caribbean Paleoethnobotany / 179 19
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Caribbean Paleoethnobotany / 181 tu
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Archaic Age Early Ceramic Age Later
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Table 13.3. Continued Caribbean Pal
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Caribbean Paleoethnobotany / 187 ch
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Caribbean Paleoethnobotany / 189 co
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Caribbean Paleoethnobotany / 191 ap
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Caribbean Paleoethnobotany / 193 wi
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14 New Evidence of Two Different Mi
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New Evidence of Two Different Migra
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Table 14.2b. Continued CEI CUD ECD
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Table 14.4. Continued CUD ECD CVR O
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Tracing Human Mobility with 87 Sr/
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Table 15.2. Strontium Ratios of Hum
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Epilogue / 227 cially apparent when
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Epilogue / 229 nore the diversity t
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Epilogue / 231 derstanding of prehi
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References Cited Abel, T. 1998 Comp
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References Cited / 235 1974 Archéo
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References Cited / 237 Bertouille,
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References Cited / 239 1964 The Arc
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References Cited / 241 Coomans, H.
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References Cited / 243 2005 Caribbe
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References Cited / 245 De Mille, C.
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References Cited / 247 Febles, J.,
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References Cited / 249 a Sicán Bur
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References Cited / 251 Haslam, M. 2
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References Cited / 253 Hofman, C. L
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References Cited / 255 Lange, H. S.
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References Cited / 257 Kennedy, M.
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References Cited / 259 columbian Go
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References Cited / 261 mental Micro
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References Cited / 263 Montgomery,
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References Cited / 265 Norr, L. 200
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References Cited / 267 1855 by J. A
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References Cited / 269 Peterson, L.
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References Cited / 271 of the State
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References Cited / 273 Roobol, M. J
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References Cited / 275 Schweingrube
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References Cited / 277 Sjøvold, T.
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References Cited / 279 Townsend, G.
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References Cited / 281 Site on the
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References Cited / 283 Walker, J. B
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Contributors Benoît Bérard is Ma
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Contributors / 287 Wales, U.K. sinc
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Contributors / 289 chaeology, Leide
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Index Aceramic Age: peoples of, 195
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Scanning electron microscope/ energ
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Crossing the Borders: New Methods and Techniques in the Study of Archaeological Materials from the Caribbean

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