Landfills and waste water treatment plants as sources of ... - GKSS

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STUDY 2: WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS AS SOURCES 5.4.3 Air concentration of PBDEs from gas- and particle phase With the exception of BDE154 and BDE183, PBDEs were not detected in gas-phase samples. BDE154 was observed in samples WA2 and RF5 at concentration of 2 pg m -3 . BDE183 was only observed in samples RF3 and RF5 (4 pg m -3 ). BDE28, BDE48, BDE99, BDE100, BDE153, BDE154 were not detected in the particle phase in samples of WWTPs and their corresponding RFs. BDE209 was detected in all particle-phase samples. Due to the high contamination of filter blanks (see section 5.2.7), this compound is not further discussed. BDE183 was detected in all samples of WWTPs and RFs. Concentrations of samples RF4 and RF15 were lower than filter blanks. BDE183 concentrations in remaining RF samples were constantly about 1 pg m -3 . In sample RF5 a slightly elevated concentration of BDE183 (5 pg m -3 ) was observed. Concentration of particle-phase BDE183 at WA ranged between
STUDY 2: WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS AS SOURCES Furthermore, occurrence of FTOHs in effluents of WWTPs was reported by Mahmoud et al. (2009). Due to their high air water partition coefficients and the aeration process these precursors may easily volatilise from the waste water into the atmosphere. In three-day samples WA4 and WB2 higher EtFOSA concentrations and proportions and lower FTA concentrations and proportions as the one-day samples were observed (figures 20 and 21). These altered proportions may have resulted from different discharger profiles on weekends (e.g. a shift of incoming waste waters from industrial sources to households). Several studies demonstrated the importance of air mass origin regarding PFC concentrations in ambient air. For central Europe it was reported that higher PFC concentrations coincided with air masses from westerly regions such as UK, Netherlands, Benelux and Western Germany (Jahnke et al. 2007; Dreyer and Ebinghaus 2009; Dreyer et al. 2009b). In this thesis analysis of back trajectories revealed high variability of the origin of air masses. Samples WB3 and WB4 revealed that air masses basically passed over coastal regions but arrived at sampling site from easterly- (figure 27a) and in part westerly directions at low altitudes (figure 27b). Having regard to the potential source regions in the west, the increase of PFC air concentrations in WB4 and the corresponding RF may be explained. Furthermore, other local or diffuse sources of the nearby city of Lüneburg may have had an influence on the concentration in WB samples. However, due to the high variability of circulating air masses during this sampling campaign trajectories cannot fully elucidate this issue. a b Figure 27 a, b: Selected seven days air mass back trajectories calculated for three hours intervals (arrival height 5 m). Generated by Hysplit 4.8 using GDAS data for sample WB3 (a) (�PFCs= 401 pg m -3 ) and sample WB4 (b) (�PFCs= 962 pg m -3 ). Triangles represent 12 h tags of every trajectory. In addition, trajectory heights are plotted. Concentrations of PFCAs and PFSAs determined in this study are in the same range as reported by Dreyer et al. (2009) from air samples in Northern Germany and German Bight, Harada et al. (2006) in rural areas of Japan, and Kim and Kannan (2007) from an urban area 83
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ISSN 0344-9629 Landfills and waste
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Die Berichte der GKSS werden kosten
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Deponien und Kläranlagen als Quell
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VI 4.2.5 Extracti
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 20: Proporti
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LIST OF TABLES Table S6: Table of r
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ABBREVIATIONS BDE47 2,2',4,4'-Tetra
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ABBREVIATIONS MW molecular weight M
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2 INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION 175 chemicals classifi
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INTRODUCTION Table 1 cont. Analytes
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INTRODUCTION Table 3: Polycyclic mu
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INTRODUCTION Mabury 2006). This inc
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INTRODUCTION 1.3 Physico-chemical p
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INTRODUCTION 1.4 Environmental conc
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INTRODUCTION Chen et al. 2007a; Har
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INTRODUCTION prevent xenobiotica fr
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INTRODUCTION al. 2009c) and being d
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INTRODUCTION Table 6: Selection of
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INTRODUCTION 1.5 Sources Sources of
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OBJECTIVES 2. Objectives In recent
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METHOD OPTIMISATION Simonich et al.
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METHOD OPTIMISATION used as carrier
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METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3 Extraction
Page 50 and 51: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3 Results 3.3
Page 52 and 53: METHOD OPTIMISATION AHMI). For less
Page 54 and 55: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3.5 Extractio
Page 56 and 57: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.4 Discussion
Page 58 and 59: METHOD OPTIMISATION partly due to h
Page 60 and 61: METHOD OPTIMISATION Figure 7: Final
Page 62 and 63: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES volat
Page 64 and 65: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES On ea
Page 66 and 67: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES (Supe
Page 68 and 69: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES Table
Page 70 and 71: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 52 c
Page 74 and 75: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 4.3.2
Page 78 and 79: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 4.5 D
Page 80 and 81: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES conce
Page 82 and 83: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES influ
Page 84 and 85: STUDY 2: WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLAN
Page 106 and 107: CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK BDE183 were
Page 108 and 109: REFERENCES wastewater treatment/pol
Page 110 and 111: REFERENCES Capuano, F. Cavalchi, B.
Page 112 and 113: REFERENCES Dreyer, A. Temme, C. Stu
Page 114 and 115: REFERENCES Harada, K. Nakanishi, S.
Page 116 and 117: REFERENCES Kallenborn, R. Gatermann
Page 118 and 119: REFERENCES sexual development, and
Page 120 and 121: REFERENCES Oros, D. R. Hoover, D. R
Page 122 and 123: REFERENCES Rimkus, G. (1995): Nitro
Page 124 and 125: REFERENCES Smithwick, M. Mabury, S.
Page 126 and 127: REFERENCES USEPA (2006): 2010/2015
Page 128 and 129: REFERENCES Zhao, Y.-X. Qin, X.-F. L
Page 130 and 131: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S3: H
Page 132 and 133: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S1: Ta
Page 134 and 135: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S2: Ma
Page 136 and 137: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S5: Ta
Page 138 and 139: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S7: Bl
Page 140 and 141: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S11: P
Page 142 and 143: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S7: S
Page 144 and 145: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S7 co
Page 146 and 147: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S16: T
Page 148 and 149: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S19: M
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S8 co
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S8 co
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ERKLÄRUNG DER SELBSTSTÄNDIGEN VER
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