Landfills and waste water treatment plants as sources of ... - GKSS

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METHOD OPTIMISATION Figure 7: Final GC-MS chromatograms for (a) musk fragrances (EI) and (b) PBDEs (NCI). The close-up in 8a displays musk fragrances of insufficient separation (for details see section 3.3.2). 42 a b
STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 4. Study 1: Landfills as sources of polyfluorinated compounds, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and synthetic musk fragrances to ambient air 4.1 Introduction According to the German Ordinance on Compatible Storage of Waste from Human Settlements and on Biological-Treatment Facilities (Abfallablagerungsverordung, AbfAblV) a landfill is defined as “waste-management facility for the storage of waste above the earth's surface (above-ground)”(AbfAblV 2001). In general, landfills contain a variety of different types of waste including household waste and waste from industrial sources and products. Household waste represents two-thirds of the municipal solid waste stream. Almost 70 % of municipal solid waste is disposed to landfills (OECD 2001). In particular, sanitary landfills accumulate huge quantities of a wide variety of consumables, including general and hazardous wastes, electric and electronic equipment and compost (St-Amand et al. 2008). Since the European Commission Directive 99/31/EC which constituted the classification and separation of waste prior to the deposit, waste treatment is strongly regulated in the European Union. In Germany for example, the Ordinance on Landfills and Long-Term Storage Facilities (Deponieverordnung, DepV), demands separation and pre-treatment of waste either thermically by incineration or mechanically-biologically in order to reduce the volume prior to the storage on landfill sites (DepV 2002). Therefore the total amount of waste is supposed to decrease overtime (Slack et al. 2004). On the other hand, alternative disposal practices, such as recycling and incineration, still generate waste that is to be landfilled (Slack et al. 2004). Figure 8 displays how a product is predominantly disposed to a landfill and can be released into the environment via different pathways. In general, emissions from landfills can be addressed to different forms of release: gaseous emissions, formation of particulate matter and lecheate (Slack et al. 2005). In this thesis the focus is on atmospheric emissions from landfill sites. The other emission pathways are not discussed in detail. Various studies have been conducted on the environmental fate and release of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from landfills to the atmosphere (Allen et al. 1997; James and Stack 1997; Kim et al. 2006a). Studies about semi-volatile organic compounds, such as PCBs and PAHs usually focus on leachate concentrations (Vollmuth and Niessner 1995; Marttinen et al. 2003; Herbert et al. 2006) and the impact of waste incineration plants (Dyke 2003; Capuano et al. 2005). However, little is known about the 43
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ISSN 0344-9629 Landfills and waste
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Die Berichte der GKSS werden kosten
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Deponien und Kläranlagen als Quell
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VI 4.2.5 Extracti
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 20: Proporti
Page 12 and 13: LIST OF TABLES Table S6: Table of r
Page 14 and 15: ABBREVIATIONS BDE47 2,2',4,4'-Tetra
Page 16 and 17: ABBREVIATIONS MW molecular weight M
Page 18 and 19: 2 INTRODUCTION
Page 20 and 21: INTRODUCTION 175 chemicals classifi
Page 22 and 23: INTRODUCTION Table 1 cont. Analytes
Page 24 and 25: INTRODUCTION Table 3: Polycyclic mu
Page 26 and 27: INTRODUCTION Mabury 2006). This inc
Page 28 and 29: INTRODUCTION 1.3 Physico-chemical p
Page 30 and 31: INTRODUCTION 1.4 Environmental conc
Page 32 and 33: INTRODUCTION Chen et al. 2007a; Har
Page 34 and 35: INTRODUCTION prevent xenobiotica fr
Page 36 and 37: INTRODUCTION al. 2009c) and being d
Page 38 and 39: INTRODUCTION Table 6: Selection of
Page 40 and 41: INTRODUCTION 1.5 Sources Sources of
Page 42 and 43: OBJECTIVES 2. Objectives In recent
Page 44 and 45: METHOD OPTIMISATION Simonich et al.
Page 46 and 47: METHOD OPTIMISATION used as carrier
Page 48 and 49: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3 Extraction
Page 50 and 51: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3 Results 3.3
Page 52 and 53: METHOD OPTIMISATION AHMI). For less
Page 54 and 55: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3.5 Extractio
Page 56 and 57: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.4 Discussion
Page 58 and 59: METHOD OPTIMISATION partly due to h
Page 62 and 63: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES volat
Page 64 and 65: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES On ea
Page 66 and 67: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES (Supe
Page 68 and 69: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES Table
Page 70 and 71: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 52 c
Page 74 and 75: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 4.3.2
Page 78 and 79: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 4.5 D
Page 80 and 81: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES conce
Page 82 and 83: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES influ
Page 84 and 85: STUDY 2: WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLAN
Page 106 and 107: CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK BDE183 were
Page 108 and 109: REFERENCES wastewater treatment/pol
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REFERENCES Capuano, F. Cavalchi, B.
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REFERENCES Dreyer, A. Temme, C. Stu
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REFERENCES Harada, K. Nakanishi, S.
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REFERENCES Kallenborn, R. Gatermann
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REFERENCES sexual development, and
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REFERENCES Oros, D. R. Hoover, D. R
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REFERENCES Rimkus, G. (1995): Nitro
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REFERENCES Smithwick, M. Mabury, S.
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REFERENCES USEPA (2006): 2010/2015
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REFERENCES Zhao, Y.-X. Qin, X.-F. L
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S3: H
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S1: Ta
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S2: Ma
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S5: Ta
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S7: Bl
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S11: P
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S7: S
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S7 co
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S16: T
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S19: M
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ERKLÄRUNG DER SELBSTSTÄNDIGEN VER
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