Landfills and waste water treatment plants as sources of ... - GKSS

More documents

Recommendations

Info

INTRODUCTION Table 3: Polycyclic musk fragrances and nitro musks analysed in this study 6 Analytes Acronym CAS-Nr. Chemical structure 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8hexamethylcyclopenta-(�)-2-benzopyran, (Galaxolide®) 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4- Tetrahydronaphthalene, (Tonalide®) 4-acetyl-1,1-dimethyl-6-tert-butylindane, (Celestolide®) 6-acetyl-1,1,2,3,3,5-hexamethylindane, (Phantolide®) 5-Acetyl-1,1,2,6-tetrametyl-3-isopropyldihydroindene, (Traseolide®) 1-tert-butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, musk xylene 1-tert.-butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,6-dinitro-4-acetylbenzene, musk ketone Polycyclic musks Nitro aromatic musks HHCB 1222-05-5 AHTN 1506-02-1 ADBI 13171-00-1 AHMI 15323-35-0 ATII 68140-48-7 MX 81-15-2 MK 81-14-1 C H 3 C H 3 CH 3 H3C CH3 C H 3 H3C H3C H3C CH3 C H 3 C H 3 C H 3 C H 3 CH 3 CH 3 O CH 3 CH 3 H3C CH3 CH 3 H3C CH3 O 2 N C H 3 O 2 N C H 3 C H 3 C H 3 C H 3 CH 3 C H 3 NO2 CH3 CH 3 CH 3 O CH 3 O CH 3 CH 3 O O CH 3 CH 3 O CH 3 NO 2 CH 3 NO 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3
1.2 Production and use INTRODUCTION Production of PFCs started in the late 1940s with the development of electro-chemicalfluorination (ECF) by J.H. Simons (Simons 1950). The process mechanism of ECF is rather unspecific and leads to various number of PFCs with chain lengths usually ranging between 4 to 13 carbon atoms as well as several by-products (Kissa 2001). Basic product within the ECF is the perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride (PSOF) which is used as intermediate for the production of other PFCs, such as PFSAs, FASAs and FASEs. Besides ECF, there is another important production process of PFCs: the telomerisation. It was invented by Hazeldine in 1947 and is applied since the 1960s (Kissa 2001; Hekster et al. 2002). Telomerisation results in linear carbon chains with even number of usually 4 to 14 carbon atoms (De Voogt et al. 2006). Typical products of telomerisation process are FTOHs, FTAs and PFCAs. The application of PFCs implicate protection of products from grease and dirt, such as carpets, clothing and papers as well as the usage as surfactants and agents in aqueous firefighting foams (Hekster et al. 2002; Prevedouros et al. 2006). The different classes of PFCs can be attributed to various capabilities. PSOF-based PFCs were predominantly used in metal plating, photographics, floor polishes, lubricants, semi conductor production, galvanic processes, polymerisation emulsions and fire-fighting foams (Prevedouros et al. 2006). FASAs and FASEs were in most cases applied as additional agents in polymer-related proceedings or intermediates for other PSOF related PFCs (3M 1999). FTOHs are mainly applied to papers, food packaging and carpet treatment (Kissa 2001; Sinclair et al. 2007) as well as impregnating agents (Fiedler et al. 2008). FTAs are predominantly used within polymer-related processes (Van Zelm et al. 2008). Specific data on production and use of PFCs are rather rare, since publication is incumbent on the producers them selves. However, there are several estimates available that quantified the manufacture and consumption of PFCs. Prevedouros et al. (2006) estimated the worldwide production of PFCAs to 4400-8000 t. Historical manufacture of PSOF-related PFCs were estimated with 122500 t, including unusable waste (Paul et al. 2009). In general, PFC production increased through the years with a PSOF production maximum in the 1990s. Due to the voluntarily phase-out of some PSOF-based products by the 3M Company, one of the main producer, in 2000, production declined since then (Paul et al. 2009). However, manufacture of PSOF-based PFCs is still going on and is estimated to be about 1000 t a -1 (Paul et al. 2009). Worldwide FTOH production reached 5000 t a -1 (Ellis et al. 2004). More recently, FTOH production was estimated to be 11000-14000 t a -1 (Dinglasan-Panlilio and 7
Page 1: ISSN 0344-9629 Landfills and waste
Page 4 and 5: Die Berichte der GKSS werden kosten
Page 6 and 7: Deponien und Kläranlagen als Quell
Page 8 and 9: TABLE OF CONTENTS VI 4.2.5 Extracti
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 20: Proporti
Page 12 and 13: LIST OF TABLES Table S6: Table of r
Page 14 and 15: ABBREVIATIONS BDE47 2,2',4,4'-Tetra
Page 16 and 17: ABBREVIATIONS MW molecular weight M
Page 18 and 19: 2 INTRODUCTION
Page 20 and 21: INTRODUCTION 175 chemicals classifi
Page 22 and 23: INTRODUCTION Table 1 cont. Analytes
Page 26 and 27: INTRODUCTION Mabury 2006). This inc
Page 28 and 29: INTRODUCTION 1.3 Physico-chemical p
Page 30 and 31: INTRODUCTION 1.4 Environmental conc
Page 32 and 33: INTRODUCTION Chen et al. 2007a; Har
Page 34 and 35: INTRODUCTION prevent xenobiotica fr
Page 36 and 37: INTRODUCTION al. 2009c) and being d
Page 38 and 39: INTRODUCTION Table 6: Selection of
Page 40 and 41: INTRODUCTION 1.5 Sources Sources of
Page 42 and 43: OBJECTIVES 2. Objectives In recent
Page 44 and 45: METHOD OPTIMISATION Simonich et al.
Page 46 and 47: METHOD OPTIMISATION used as carrier
Page 48 and 49: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3 Extraction
Page 50 and 51: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3 Results 3.3
Page 52 and 53: METHOD OPTIMISATION AHMI). For less
Page 54 and 55: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3.5 Extractio
Page 56 and 57: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.4 Discussion
Page 58 and 59: METHOD OPTIMISATION partly due to h
Page 60 and 61: METHOD OPTIMISATION Figure 7: Final
Page 62 and 63: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES volat
Page 64 and 65: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES On ea
Page 66 and 67: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES (Supe
Page 68 and 69: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES Table
Page 70 and 71: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 52 c
Page 72 and 73: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 54 c
Page 74 and 75:
STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 4.3.2
Page 76 and 77:
STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 58 c
Page 78 and 79:
STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 4.5 D
Page 80 and 81:
STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES conce
Page 82 and 83:
STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES influ
Page 84 and 85:
STUDY 2: WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLAN
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK BDE183 were
Page 108 and 109:
REFERENCES wastewater treatment/pol
Page 110 and 111:
REFERENCES Capuano, F. Cavalchi, B.
Page 112 and 113:
REFERENCES Dreyer, A. Temme, C. Stu
Page 114 and 115:
REFERENCES Harada, K. Nakanishi, S.
Page 116 and 117:
REFERENCES Kallenborn, R. Gatermann
Page 118 and 119:
REFERENCES sexual development, and
Page 120 and 121:
REFERENCES Oros, D. R. Hoover, D. R
Page 122 and 123:
REFERENCES Rimkus, G. (1995): Nitro
Page 124 and 125:
REFERENCES Smithwick, M. Mabury, S.
Page 126 and 127:
REFERENCES USEPA (2006): 2010/2015
Page 128 and 129:
REFERENCES Zhao, Y.-X. Qin, X.-F. L
Page 130 and 131:
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S3: H
Page 132 and 133:
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S1: Ta
Page 134 and 135:
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S2: Ma
Page 136 and 137:
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S5: Ta
Page 138 and 139:
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S7: Bl
Page 140 and 141:
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S11: P
Page 142 and 143:
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S7: S
Page 144 and 145:
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S7 co
Page 146 and 147:
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S16: T
Page 148 and 149:
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S19: M
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154:
ERKLÄRUNG DER SELBSTSTÄNDIGEN VER
show all

Landfills and waste water treatment plants as sources of ... - GKSS

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?