Landfills and waste water treatment plants as sources of ... - GKSS

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STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 4.5 Discussion Concentrations of FTOHs, FASAs and FASEs determined here, were in the same range as those determined in compared to other studies from rural and semi-rural areas in Europe (Barber et al. 2007; Jahnke et al. 2007; Dreyer et al. 2009b). However, it should be mentioned that studies from Barber et al. (2007) and Jahnke et al. (2007) differed in the spectrum of analytes. As reported in other studies (Barber et al. 2007; Jahnke et al. 2007; Dreyer and Ebinghaus 2009; Dreyer et al. 2009b; Jahnke et al. 2009), FTOH were the predominant substance class and 8:2 FTOH detected in highest amounts in this study. Compared to the corresponding RFs, air concentrations of volatile and semi-volatile PFCs were 1.5 to 3 times higher. Proportion analysis revealed FTOHs to be responsible for the concentration enhancement. Statistical analysis revealed that concentrations of 6:2, 8:2, 10:2, and 12:2 FTOH were significantly higher at landfill LA (p
STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES concentrations may be explained by passing over highly populated and industrial areas west from the sites. This is supported by Dreyer et al. (2009b) in air samples from the same region. In contrast, the rapid decline in PFC concentrations in samples LB2 and RF17 can likely be attributed to air masses that arrived with high velocities from coastal regions and thus shorter residence time over those source regions (figure 16b). a b Figure 16 a, b: Selected seven days air mass back trajectories calculated for three hours intervals (arrival height 2 m). Generated by Hysplit 4.8 using GDAS data for sample LB1 (a) (�PFCs= 706 pg m -3 ) and sample LB2 (b) (�PFCs= 134 pg m -3 ). Triangles represent 12 h tags of every trajectory. In addition, trajectory heights are plotted. Taken the prevailing wind direction in account, it can be assumed that during the sampling periods RFs were not contaminated by the landfills itsselves or by other potential sources that are located between these sites. Thus, trajectory analysis supports the assumption that volatile and semi-volatile PFCs originated from the landfills. Ionic PFCs from particle phase determined in this study are in the same range as those observed by Harada et al. (2005) for a rural region of Japan. However, PFOS and PFOA concentrations were more than two orders of magnitude lower than those of Barber at al. (2007) and Harada et al. (2005) in urban areas of UK and Japan, respectively. In contrast to other studies of Dreyer et al. (2009b) and Barber et al. (2007), who observed PFOS and PFOA in maximum proportions, PFBA was the most dominant compound in this study. However, in samples LA3, LA4 and LB4 PFHxA was detected in highest proportions. For ionic PFCs distinct differences between landfills and their corresponding RFs were not observed. Moreover, samples are characterized with high variation in concentrations and proportions indicating an enhanced uncertainty of these data, probably due to revolatilisation of PFCAs from GFF (Arp and Goss 2008). Musk fragrances were detected predominantly in the gas phase which confirms other studies (Peck and Hornbuckle 2004; Peck and Hornbuckle 2006; Xie et al. 2007). In general, total 61
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ISSN 0344-9629 Landfills and waste
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Die Berichte der GKSS werden kosten
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Deponien und Kläranlagen als Quell
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VI 4.2.5 Extracti
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 20: Proporti
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LIST OF TABLES Table S6: Table of r
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ABBREVIATIONS BDE47 2,2',4,4'-Tetra
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ABBREVIATIONS MW molecular weight M
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2 INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION 175 chemicals classifi
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INTRODUCTION Table 1 cont. Analytes
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INTRODUCTION Table 3: Polycyclic mu
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INTRODUCTION Mabury 2006). This inc
Page 28 and 29: INTRODUCTION 1.3 Physico-chemical p
Page 30 and 31: INTRODUCTION 1.4 Environmental conc
Page 32 and 33: INTRODUCTION Chen et al. 2007a; Har
Page 34 and 35: INTRODUCTION prevent xenobiotica fr
Page 36 and 37: INTRODUCTION al. 2009c) and being d
Page 38 and 39: INTRODUCTION Table 6: Selection of
Page 40 and 41: INTRODUCTION 1.5 Sources Sources of
Page 42 and 43: OBJECTIVES 2. Objectives In recent
Page 44 and 45: METHOD OPTIMISATION Simonich et al.
Page 46 and 47: METHOD OPTIMISATION used as carrier
Page 48 and 49: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3 Extraction
Page 50 and 51: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3 Results 3.3
Page 52 and 53: METHOD OPTIMISATION AHMI). For less
Page 54 and 55: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3.5 Extractio
Page 56 and 57: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.4 Discussion
Page 58 and 59: METHOD OPTIMISATION partly due to h
Page 60 and 61: METHOD OPTIMISATION Figure 7: Final
Page 62 and 63: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES volat
Page 64 and 65: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES On ea
Page 66 and 67: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES (Supe
Page 68 and 69: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES Table
Page 70 and 71: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 52 c
Page 74 and 75: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 4.3.2
Page 80 and 81: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES conce
Page 82 and 83: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES influ
Page 84 and 85: STUDY 2: WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLAN
Page 106 and 107: CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK BDE183 were
Page 108 and 109: REFERENCES wastewater treatment/pol
Page 110 and 111: REFERENCES Capuano, F. Cavalchi, B.
Page 112 and 113: REFERENCES Dreyer, A. Temme, C. Stu
Page 114 and 115: REFERENCES Harada, K. Nakanishi, S.
Page 116 and 117: REFERENCES Kallenborn, R. Gatermann
Page 118 and 119: REFERENCES sexual development, and
Page 120 and 121: REFERENCES Oros, D. R. Hoover, D. R
Page 122 and 123: REFERENCES Rimkus, G. (1995): Nitro
Page 124 and 125: REFERENCES Smithwick, M. Mabury, S.
Page 126 and 127: REFERENCES USEPA (2006): 2010/2015
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REFERENCES Zhao, Y.-X. Qin, X.-F. L
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S3: H
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S1: Ta
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S2: Ma
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S5: Ta
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S7: Bl
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S11: P
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S7: S
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S7 co
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S16: T
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S19: M
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ERKLÄRUNG DER SELBSTSTÄNDIGEN VER
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