Landfills and waste water treatment plants as sources of ... - GKSS

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INTRODUCTION 1.5 Sources Sources of PFCs, PBDEs and musk fragrances can be divided into direct and indirect sources. Direct sources are production plants that emit these substances either in the atmosphere or as waste water into rivers (Dinglasan-Panlilio and Mabury 2006; Prevedouros et al. 2006; Chen et al. 2007b). Indirect sources are the release of those contaminants from products by volatilisation and during use, application and cleaning into waste water (Simonich et al. 2000; Hale et al. 2002; Heberer 2002; Palm et al. 2002; Agrell et al. 2004; Prevedouros et al. 2004; Dinglasan-Panlilio and Mabury 2006; Kim et al. 2006b; Sinclair et al. 2007; Chen et al. 2009; Choi et al. 2009; Paul et al. 2009). Direct emissions of ionic PFCs have been identified as the major source to surface water (Prevedouros et al. 2006; Paul et al. 2009). Ionic PFCs in the atmosphere are predominantly particle-bound and thus subject to rapid deposition (Barton et al. 2006). In contrast, semivolatile and volatile PFCs are emitted directly from production processes of fluorosurfactants (Dinglasan-Panlilio and Mabury 2006; Prevedouros et al. 2006). However, indirect emissions by volatilisation and application from consumer products that have been reported to contain semi-volatile and volatile PFCs (Dinglasan-Panlilio and Mabury 2006; Sinclair et al. 2007; Fiedler et al. 2008; Jensen et al. 2008; Langer 2010) are regarded as the dominating source. Paul et al. (2009) estimated that 85 % of total neutral PFC emissions are likely due to these releases. So far, the direct emission sources for PBDEs into water and air are not well known. Since PBDEs are simply blended to polymers, plastics and electronic housings indirect emissions are regarded as the major sources for PBDEs into the atmosphere (Palm et al. 2002; Prevedouros et al. 2004). This is supported by studies that have been performed on the leaching characteristics of PBDEs from fabrics, such as plastics, TV housings, and polyurethane foams (Hale et al. 2002; Kim et al. 2006b; Choi et al. 2009) In 2000, indirect emissions in Europe were estimated to be 750 kg for BDE47 whereas BDE99 accounts only for about 1 kg (Prevedouros et al. 2004). In two coherent studies from southern Sweden waste incineration facilities were identified as point sources for PBDEs to ambient air (Agrell et al. 2004; Ter Schure et al. 2004). In contrast, Prevedouros et al. (2004) estimated BDE47 emissions by this route into the UK atmosphere to be less than 1 kg a -1 and concluded that waste incineration is a negligible PBDE source. Recently, Chen et al. (2009) and Cahill et al. (2007) reported elevated air concentrations at electronic waste dismantling and recycling 22
INTRODUCTION facilities. These findings further support the ability of PBDEs to volatilise from electronic products. Regarding musk fragrances, only little is known about their emission sources. However, a study conducted at a Chinese cosmetic plant revealed elevated musk fragrance concentrations in the surrounding ambient air and in the waste water of this plant (Chen et al. 2007b). Indirect diffuse emissions of musk fragrances are due to their widespread use and application such as cleaning and personal care (Reiner and Kannan 2006; Roosens et al. 2007). Therefore, those compounds may either be released into the atmosphere during use or, more important, are discharged with the waste water (Bridges 2002; Heberer 2002). Overall, several efforts has been made on the characterisation of point sources for PFCs, PBDEs and musk fragrances. Due to the widespread everyday use of all substances, air concentrations are distinctly elevated in urban areas identifying those regions as diffuse source (Agrell et al. 2004; Peck and Hornbuckle 2004; Peck and Hornbuckle 2006; Barber et al. 2007; St-Amand et al. 2008; Dreyer et al. 2009b). 23
Page 1: ISSN 0344-9629 Landfills and waste
Page 4 and 5: Die Berichte der GKSS werden kosten
Page 6 and 7: Deponien und Kläranlagen als Quell
Page 8 and 9: TABLE OF CONTENTS VI 4.2.5 Extracti
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 20: Proporti
Page 12 and 13: LIST OF TABLES Table S6: Table of r
Page 14 and 15: ABBREVIATIONS BDE47 2,2',4,4'-Tetra
Page 16 and 17: ABBREVIATIONS MW molecular weight M
Page 18 and 19: 2 INTRODUCTION
Page 20 and 21: INTRODUCTION 175 chemicals classifi
Page 22 and 23: INTRODUCTION Table 1 cont. Analytes
Page 24 and 25: INTRODUCTION Table 3: Polycyclic mu
Page 26 and 27: INTRODUCTION Mabury 2006). This inc
Page 28 and 29: INTRODUCTION 1.3 Physico-chemical p
Page 30 and 31: INTRODUCTION 1.4 Environmental conc
Page 32 and 33: INTRODUCTION Chen et al. 2007a; Har
Page 34 and 35: INTRODUCTION prevent xenobiotica fr
Page 36 and 37: INTRODUCTION al. 2009c) and being d
Page 38 and 39: INTRODUCTION Table 6: Selection of
Page 42 and 43: OBJECTIVES 2. Objectives In recent
Page 44 and 45: METHOD OPTIMISATION Simonich et al.
Page 46 and 47: METHOD OPTIMISATION used as carrier
Page 48 and 49: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3 Extraction
Page 50 and 51: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3 Results 3.3
Page 52 and 53: METHOD OPTIMISATION AHMI). For less
Page 54 and 55: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3.5 Extractio
Page 56 and 57: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.4 Discussion
Page 58 and 59: METHOD OPTIMISATION partly due to h
Page 60 and 61: METHOD OPTIMISATION Figure 7: Final
Page 62 and 63: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES volat
Page 64 and 65: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES On ea
Page 66 and 67: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES (Supe
Page 68 and 69: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES Table
Page 70 and 71: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 52 c
Page 74 and 75: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 4.3.2
Page 78 and 79: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 4.5 D
Page 80 and 81: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES conce
Page 82 and 83: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES influ
Page 84 and 85: STUDY 2: WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLAN
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STUDY 2: WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLAN
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CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK BDE183 were
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REFERENCES wastewater treatment/pol
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REFERENCES Capuano, F. Cavalchi, B.
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REFERENCES Dreyer, A. Temme, C. Stu
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REFERENCES Harada, K. Nakanishi, S.
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REFERENCES Kallenborn, R. Gatermann
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REFERENCES sexual development, and
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REFERENCES Oros, D. R. Hoover, D. R
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REFERENCES Rimkus, G. (1995): Nitro
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REFERENCES Smithwick, M. Mabury, S.
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REFERENCES USEPA (2006): 2010/2015
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REFERENCES Zhao, Y.-X. Qin, X.-F. L
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S3: H
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S1: Ta
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S2: Ma
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S5: Ta
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S7: Bl
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S11: P
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S7: S
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S7 co
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S16: T
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S19: M
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ERKLÄRUNG DER SELBSTSTÄNDIGEN VER
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