Landfills and waste water treatment plants as sources of ... - GKSS

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METHOD OPTIMISATION partly due to higher vapour pressures and therefore the increased volatility of those compounds (for details see table 4 in section 1.3). Compared to FBE, higher recovery rates of musk fragrances were obtained with ASE. This may be explained by volatilisation of musk fragrances during relatively long FBE extraction cycles (3 h). Furthermore, ASE is a “closed” system where analyte losses are minimized. The low recovery rate of MBDE183 in FBE extracts may be caused by the lower extraction strength of this technique. ASE operates at high temperatures and high pressures and is therefore assumed to be the stronger extraction technique. Nevertheless, both techniques were suitable for extraction of musk fragrances and PBDEs from GFF. However, the shorter extraction time of ASE (20 min) and lower amount of solvent underline the suitability of ASE that is therefore applied for further analysis. The clean-up step for PBDEs using silica gel and aluminium oxide revealed good recovery rates as displayed in figure 4 (section 3.3.6) and was therefore applied for further analysis. Musk fragrances were not included into the purification experiment because they were estimated to be detected primarily in the gas phase (Kallenborn and Gatermann 2004; Peck and Hornbuckle 2006; Xie et al. 2007). Therefore, further optimisation of clean-up step for musk fragrances was not considered. 3.5 Conclusions First objective of this study was to develop and optimize an analytical method that can efficiently and simultaneously extract PBDEs and musk fragrances from air sampling media. High recovery rates with low standard deviations for both substance groups revealed the high precision and good suitability of evaluated methods. For simultaneous determination of PBDEs and musk fragrances GC oven program and inlet parameters were optimized. Separation factors revealed good chromatographic separation for most of the target analytes. However, some musk fragrances could not be sufficiently separated but it was possible to quantify those compounds by different m/z. Inlet parameter optimisation revealed a distinct increase of PBDE and musk fragrances sensitivity. With these inlet modifications an average improvement of sensitivity of 9 % for PBDEs and musk fragrances was achieved if compared to the starting PTV settings in section 3.2.2. Figure 6 demonstrates improvements in sensitivity for each compound. 40
METHOD OPTIMISATION Figure 6: Improvements of sensitivity (%) of PBDEs and musk fragrances after optimisation of PTV inlet on the basis of previous PTV inlet settings in section 3.2.2 Further objective was the optimisation of an instrumental method that is sensitive for PBDEs and musk fragrances. Due to the high LOD and LOQ in the EI mode for higher brominated PBDE congeners it was not possible to determine these compounds at low concentration levels. Thus the objective to develop a simultaneous detection method was not achieved and NCI mode was selected as the adequate ionisation mode for PBDEs. For further analysis, PBDEs had to be separately determined in the NCI mode and musk fragrances in the EI mode. Finally, following optimized inlet parameter were used: Initial inlet temperature 70 °C, initial oven temperature 60 °C, final inlet temperature 300 °C, inlet heating rate 400 °C, initial oven temperature: 60 °C. Final optimized oven temperature programs and final chromatograms are displayed in table 15 and figure 7, respectively. Table 15: Final oven temperature programs for the determination of PBDEs and musk fragrances using GC-MS NCI (PBDEs) EI (Musk fragrances) heating rate final temperature hold time heating rate final temperature hold time °C min -1 °C min °C min -1 °C min 30 130 0 30 130 0 5 170 3 5 170 3 5 200 0 5 200 0 15 300 20 15 300 5 41
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ISSN 0344-9629 Landfills and waste
Page 4 and 5:
Die Berichte der GKSS werden kosten
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Deponien und Kläranlagen als Quell
Page 8 and 9: TABLE OF CONTENTS VI 4.2.5 Extracti
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 20: Proporti
Page 12 and 13: LIST OF TABLES Table S6: Table of r
Page 14 and 15: ABBREVIATIONS BDE47 2,2',4,4'-Tetra
Page 16 and 17: ABBREVIATIONS MW molecular weight M
Page 18 and 19: 2 INTRODUCTION
Page 20 and 21: INTRODUCTION 175 chemicals classifi
Page 22 and 23: INTRODUCTION Table 1 cont. Analytes
Page 24 and 25: INTRODUCTION Table 3: Polycyclic mu
Page 26 and 27: INTRODUCTION Mabury 2006). This inc
Page 28 and 29: INTRODUCTION 1.3 Physico-chemical p
Page 30 and 31: INTRODUCTION 1.4 Environmental conc
Page 32 and 33: INTRODUCTION Chen et al. 2007a; Har
Page 34 and 35: INTRODUCTION prevent xenobiotica fr
Page 36 and 37: INTRODUCTION al. 2009c) and being d
Page 38 and 39: INTRODUCTION Table 6: Selection of
Page 40 and 41: INTRODUCTION 1.5 Sources Sources of
Page 42 and 43: OBJECTIVES 2. Objectives In recent
Page 44 and 45: METHOD OPTIMISATION Simonich et al.
Page 46 and 47: METHOD OPTIMISATION used as carrier
Page 48 and 49: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3 Extraction
Page 50 and 51: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3 Results 3.3
Page 52 and 53: METHOD OPTIMISATION AHMI). For less
Page 54 and 55: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3.5 Extractio
Page 56 and 57: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.4 Discussion
Page 60 and 61: METHOD OPTIMISATION Figure 7: Final
Page 62 and 63: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES volat
Page 64 and 65: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES On ea
Page 66 and 67: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES (Supe
Page 68 and 69: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES Table
Page 70 and 71: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 52 c
Page 74 and 75: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 4.3.2
Page 78 and 79: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 4.5 D
Page 80 and 81: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES conce
Page 82 and 83: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES influ
Page 84 and 85: STUDY 2: WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLAN
Page 106 and 107: CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK BDE183 were
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REFERENCES wastewater treatment/pol
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REFERENCES Capuano, F. Cavalchi, B.
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REFERENCES Dreyer, A. Temme, C. Stu
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REFERENCES Harada, K. Nakanishi, S.
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REFERENCES Kallenborn, R. Gatermann
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REFERENCES sexual development, and
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REFERENCES Oros, D. R. Hoover, D. R
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REFERENCES Rimkus, G. (1995): Nitro
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REFERENCES Smithwick, M. Mabury, S.
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REFERENCES USEPA (2006): 2010/2015
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REFERENCES Zhao, Y.-X. Qin, X.-F. L
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S3: H
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S1: Ta
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S2: Ma
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S5: Ta
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S7: Bl
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S11: P
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S7: S
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S7 co
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S16: T
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S19: M
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ERKLÄRUNG DER SELBSTSTÄNDIGEN VER
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