Landfills and waste water treatment plants as sources of ... - GKSS

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STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES influenced the emissions from these sites, since proportions of PFCs and musk fragrances were different. 4.6 Conclusion The analysis of PFCs, PBDEs and musk fragrances in air at two landfills and two corresponding reference sites that were not influenced by landfills indicated that landfills are sources for volatile and semi-volatile PFCs and musk fragrances. Significant concentration differences were mainly driven by FTOHs. PBDE concentrations and concentrations of particle-bound ionic PFCs did not differ between sites revealing that source strength of landfills regarding these compounds is rather low. The source strength for musk fragrances is higher than for volatile PFCs. Furthermore, the source strength for airborne PFCs, PBDEs and musk fragrances of the active landfill is higher than those of the inactive landfill. 64
STUDY 2: WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS AS SOURCES 5. Study 2: Waste water treatment plants as sources of polyfluorinated compounds, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and musk fragrances to ambient air 5.1 Introduction For many industrial chemicals WWTPs are filters between technosphere and the environment. Release mechanisms of chemicals within a WWTP are volatilisation from the waste water, aerosol formation, adsorption to sewage sludge, degradation during the treatment process or discharge to effluents due to incomplete removal. Waste water contains elevated concentration of non-polar substances, such as fat and oils, which form surface films at the air-water interface. Lipophilic trace compounds are accumulated in this micro layer to a significant amount compared to the bulk phase (Sauer et al. 1989; Hardy et al. 1990). It was reported that these compounds are typical waste water constituents such as aliphatic hydrocarbons and estrogenic substances as well as pollutants like PAHs and pharmaceuticals (Radke and Herrmann 2003). At WWTPs, aerosols are formed during bubble bursting in the aeration tanks (Radke and Herrmann 2003; Beck and Radke 2006). The action of water movement forms air bubbles under/at the air-water surface. Afterwards, the trapped bubbles burst and release aerosol droplets into the atmosphere (Oppo et al. 1999; McMurdo et al. 2008) (figure 17). Figure 17: Schematic aerosol production (film- and jet drops) from bursting air bubbles at the air-water interface. Figure adapted from Resch et al. (1986). Aerosols emitted via this mode may contain contaminants which are usually found in waste water such as PAHs or sterols (Lepri 2000; Radke and Herrmann 2003). Thus PFCs, PBDEs and musk fragrances may be emitted to the atmosphere as well. Besides the aerosol formation at aeration tanks direct emissions of organic trace compounds by volatilisation should be considered. Several measurements and modelling studies revealed that volatile organic 65
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ISSN 0344-9629 Landfills and waste
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Die Berichte der GKSS werden kosten
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Deponien und Kläranlagen als Quell
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VI 4.2.5 Extracti
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 20: Proporti
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LIST OF TABLES Table S6: Table of r
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ABBREVIATIONS BDE47 2,2',4,4'-Tetra
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ABBREVIATIONS MW molecular weight M
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2 INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION 175 chemicals classifi
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INTRODUCTION Table 1 cont. Analytes
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INTRODUCTION Table 3: Polycyclic mu
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INTRODUCTION Mabury 2006). This inc
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INTRODUCTION 1.3 Physico-chemical p
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INTRODUCTION 1.4 Environmental conc
Page 32 and 33: INTRODUCTION Chen et al. 2007a; Har
Page 34 and 35: INTRODUCTION prevent xenobiotica fr
Page 36 and 37: INTRODUCTION al. 2009c) and being d
Page 38 and 39: INTRODUCTION Table 6: Selection of
Page 40 and 41: INTRODUCTION 1.5 Sources Sources of
Page 42 and 43: OBJECTIVES 2. Objectives In recent
Page 44 and 45: METHOD OPTIMISATION Simonich et al.
Page 46 and 47: METHOD OPTIMISATION used as carrier
Page 48 and 49: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3 Extraction
Page 50 and 51: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3 Results 3.3
Page 52 and 53: METHOD OPTIMISATION AHMI). For less
Page 54 and 55: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3.5 Extractio
Page 56 and 57: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.4 Discussion
Page 58 and 59: METHOD OPTIMISATION partly due to h
Page 60 and 61: METHOD OPTIMISATION Figure 7: Final
Page 62 and 63: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES volat
Page 64 and 65: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES On ea
Page 66 and 67: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES (Supe
Page 68 and 69: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES Table
Page 70 and 71: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 52 c
Page 74 and 75: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 4.3.2
Page 78 and 79: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 4.5 D
Page 80 and 81: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES conce
Page 84 and 85: STUDY 2: WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLAN
Page 106 and 107: CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK BDE183 were
Page 108 and 109: REFERENCES wastewater treatment/pol
Page 110 and 111: REFERENCES Capuano, F. Cavalchi, B.
Page 112 and 113: REFERENCES Dreyer, A. Temme, C. Stu
Page 114 and 115: REFERENCES Harada, K. Nakanishi, S.
Page 116 and 117: REFERENCES Kallenborn, R. Gatermann
Page 118 and 119: REFERENCES sexual development, and
Page 120 and 121: REFERENCES Oros, D. R. Hoover, D. R
Page 122 and 123: REFERENCES Rimkus, G. (1995): Nitro
Page 124 and 125: REFERENCES Smithwick, M. Mabury, S.
Page 126 and 127: REFERENCES USEPA (2006): 2010/2015
Page 128 and 129: REFERENCES Zhao, Y.-X. Qin, X.-F. L
Page 130 and 131: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S3: H
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S1: Ta
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S2: Ma
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S5: Ta
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S7: Bl
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S11: P
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S7: S
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S7 co
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S16: T
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S19: M
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ERKLÄRUNG DER SELBSTSTÄNDIGEN VER
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