Landfills and waste water treatment plants as sources of ... - GKSS

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Die Berichte der GKSS werden kostenlos abgegeben. The delivery of the GKSS reports is free of charge. Anforderungen/Requests: GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH Bibliothek/Library Postfach 11 60 21494 Geesthacht Germany Fax.: +49 4152 87-1717 Druck: GKSS-Hausdruckerei Als Manuskript vervielfältigt. Für diesen Bericht behalten wir uns alle Rechte vor. ISSN 0344-9629 GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH · Telefon (04152) 87-0 Max-Planck-Straße 1 · 21502 Geesthacht / Postfach 11 60 · 21494 Geesthacht
GKSS 2010/8 Landfills and waste water treatment plants as sources of polyfluorinated compounds, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and synthetic musk fragrances to ambient air (Von der Fakultät III: Umwelt und Technik Institut für Ökologie und Umweltchemie der Leuphana Universität Lüneburg als Diplomarbeit angenommene Arbeit) Ingo Weinberg 150 pages with 35 figures and 39 tables Abstract Polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and synthetic musk fragrances are frequently used and applied in a variety of consumer and industrial products as surfactants and surface coating agents (PFCs), flame retardants (PBDEs) and odourous substances (musk fragrances). Due to their persistence, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity they have been reported to be chemicals of emerging environmental concern. However, their sources to the environment are not fully understood yet. All of the three substance classes were reported to accumulate in waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) or disposed to landfills as final sinks. Several efforts have been made to investigate the fate of PFCs, PBDEs and musk fragrances at these potential sources. However, the potential for atmospheric release was less investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate whether landfills and WWTPs can be sources for these substances to ambient air. Airborne PFCs, PBDEs and musk fragrances were determined at two landfills and two WWWPs in Northern Germany. Samples were analysed for neutral and ionic PFCs (five fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), three fluorotelomer acrylates, three perfluoroalkylsulfonamido ethanols, three perfluoralkyl sulfonamides, five perfluorosulfonates and nine perfluorocarboxylates), eight PBDE congeners and seven musk fragrances. Air samples were taken simultaneously at reference sites that were supposed not to be influenced by these potential sources. Airborne PFCs, PBDEs and musk fragrances were accumulated in cartridges containing polyurethane foam and XAD-2 resin (gas-phase) and on glass fibre filters (particle-phase). Results of this study suggest that landfills and particularly WWTPs are significant point sources for musk fragrances ambient air. The source strength of the active landfill was higher than for the inactive landfill for musk fragrances. The source character of PFCs at WWTPs and landfills was less pronounced. As for the musk fragrances, statistical analysis indicated that FTOHs are mainly responsible for the significantly elevated PFC gas-phase concentrations observed at landfills and WWTPs. The emissions from WWTPs seemed to vary strongly depending on the waste water contributors and the population equivalents of the respective treatment plant. In contrast to volatile PFCs, removal of ionic PFCs from waste water by aerosol formation did not appear to be an important loss mechanism. Air samples were only slightly contaminated with PBDEs displaying low air contamination in central Europe. Only at one WWTP and one landfill significantly elevated concentrations of particle-associated BDE183 were detected suggesting their origin from these sites.
Page 1: ISSN 0344-9629 Landfills and waste
Page 6 and 7: Deponien und Kläranlagen als Quell
Page 8 and 9: TABLE OF CONTENTS VI 4.2.5 Extracti
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 20: Proporti
Page 12 and 13: LIST OF TABLES Table S6: Table of r
Page 14 and 15: ABBREVIATIONS BDE47 2,2',4,4'-Tetra
Page 16 and 17: ABBREVIATIONS MW molecular weight M
Page 18 and 19: 2 INTRODUCTION
Page 20 and 21: INTRODUCTION 175 chemicals classifi
Page 22 and 23: INTRODUCTION Table 1 cont. Analytes
Page 24 and 25: INTRODUCTION Table 3: Polycyclic mu
Page 26 and 27: INTRODUCTION Mabury 2006). This inc
Page 28 and 29: INTRODUCTION 1.3 Physico-chemical p
Page 30 and 31: INTRODUCTION 1.4 Environmental conc
Page 32 and 33: INTRODUCTION Chen et al. 2007a; Har
Page 34 and 35: INTRODUCTION prevent xenobiotica fr
Page 36 and 37: INTRODUCTION al. 2009c) and being d
Page 38 and 39: INTRODUCTION Table 6: Selection of
Page 40 and 41: INTRODUCTION 1.5 Sources Sources of
Page 42 and 43: OBJECTIVES 2. Objectives In recent
Page 44 and 45: METHOD OPTIMISATION Simonich et al.
Page 46 and 47: METHOD OPTIMISATION used as carrier
Page 48 and 49: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3 Extraction
Page 50 and 51: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3 Results 3.3
Page 52 and 53: METHOD OPTIMISATION AHMI). For less
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METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3.5 Extractio
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METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.4 Discussion
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METHOD OPTIMISATION partly due to h
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METHOD OPTIMISATION Figure 7: Final
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STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES volat
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STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES On ea
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STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES (Supe
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STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES Table
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STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 52 c
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STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 4.3.2
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STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 4.5 D
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STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES conce
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STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES influ
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STUDY 2: WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLAN
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CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK BDE183 were
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REFERENCES wastewater treatment/pol
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REFERENCES Capuano, F. Cavalchi, B.
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REFERENCES Dreyer, A. Temme, C. Stu
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REFERENCES Harada, K. Nakanishi, S.
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REFERENCES Kallenborn, R. Gatermann
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REFERENCES sexual development, and
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REFERENCES Oros, D. R. Hoover, D. R
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REFERENCES Rimkus, G. (1995): Nitro
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REFERENCES Smithwick, M. Mabury, S.
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REFERENCES USEPA (2006): 2010/2015
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REFERENCES Zhao, Y.-X. Qin, X.-F. L
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S3: H
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S1: Ta
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S2: Ma
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S5: Ta
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S7: Bl
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S11: P
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S7: S
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S7 co
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S16: T
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S19: M
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ERKLÄRUNG DER SELBSTSTÄNDIGEN VER
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