Landfills and waste water treatment plants as sources of ... - GKSS

More documents

Recommendations

Info

STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES concentrations of gas-phase musk fragrances were in about the same range as reported in other studies from comparable rural to suburban locations in Northern Germany (Xie et al. 2007), Norway (Kallenborn et al.1999a) and North America (Peck and Hornbuckle 2004; Peck and Hornbuckle 2006). However, elevated concentrations of samples LA1, LB5 and RF17 were comparable to those reported for urban sites in North America (Peck and Hornbuckle 2006). As presented in other studies (Kallenborn et al. 1999a; Peck and Hornbuckle 2004; Peck and Hornbuckle 2006; Chen et al. 2007b), HHCB and AHTN were the predominant substances in all samples. Xie et al. (2007) reported mean ratio of HHCB/AHTN of 3.5 which is comparable to that of the European market volumes in 2000 (ratio 3.9) (OSPAR 2004). However, mean ratio of HHCB/AHTN observed in this study was 6.5. This may be due to the enormous variability of HHCB and AHTN content in personal care products, as demonstrated by Roosens et al. (2007) and Reiner and Kannan (2006). They revealed that concentrations of HHCB and AHTN can vary with every product type by several orders of magnitude. The variety of personal care products containing different quantities of musk fragrances which are possibly disposed on landfills, may explain differences in HHCB/AHTN ratios. That other compounds such as ADBI and AHMI were only occasionally observed, may be due to the distinctly lower production volumes of those compounds compared to HHCB and AHTN (OSPAR 2004). That MX and MK were not detected in any of the samples is in contrast to the findings of Kallenborn et al. (1999a) who detected those nitro musks constantly in the atmosphere of Norway. However, nitro musk’s phase out in the 1990s and restrictions in the EU may be responsible for the decline of the compounds’ atmospheric concentrations. Musk fragrance concentrations of all samples of landfill LA and LB were significantly higher than those of corresponding RFs (p
STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES musk fragrances are emitted from waste accumulated at landfills but the air concentrations may partly be interfered by other (local) sources. Except for sample RF16, PBDEs from gas-phase samples were not detected in this study. These findings are in contrast to those of St-Amand et al. (2008) who detected air concentrations of PBDEs up to 7 pg m -3 near to a sanitary landfill in Ottawa, Canada. However, several studies from Europe revealed that airborne PBDEs generally decrease from urban sites as local sources to more rural areas (Jaward et al. 2004a; Jaward et al. 2004b; Lee et al. 2004; Gioia et al. 2006). UK is regarded as regional source for continental Europe (Law et al. 2008). As trajectory revealed, air masses were arriving partly from these directions. However, elevated concentration could not be observed on landfills and RFs. Therefore neither landfills nor nearby local sources or long-range transport influenced PBDE air concentrations. BDE183 was the only congener that was detected in particle-phase samples. The concentration differences between samples of LA and the corresponding RF were not significantly different. In contrast, concentrations of LB samples were significantly higher than those of the corresponding RF (p PFCs > PBDEs. Air concentrations of musk fragrances usually exceed those of PFC by factors of 3 to 14 (p
Page 1:
ISSN 0344-9629 Landfills and waste
Page 4 and 5:
Die Berichte der GKSS werden kosten
Page 6 and 7:
Deponien und Kläranlagen als Quell
Page 8 and 9:
TABLE OF CONTENTS VI 4.2.5 Extracti
Page 10 and 11:
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 20: Proporti
Page 12 and 13:
LIST OF TABLES Table S6: Table of r
Page 14 and 15:
ABBREVIATIONS BDE47 2,2',4,4'-Tetra
Page 16 and 17:
ABBREVIATIONS MW molecular weight M
Page 18 and 19:
2 INTRODUCTION
Page 20 and 21:
INTRODUCTION 175 chemicals classifi
Page 22 and 23:
INTRODUCTION Table 1 cont. Analytes
Page 24 and 25:
INTRODUCTION Table 3: Polycyclic mu
Page 26 and 27:
INTRODUCTION Mabury 2006). This inc
Page 28 and 29:
INTRODUCTION 1.3 Physico-chemical p
Page 30 and 31: INTRODUCTION 1.4 Environmental conc
Page 32 and 33: INTRODUCTION Chen et al. 2007a; Har
Page 34 and 35: INTRODUCTION prevent xenobiotica fr
Page 36 and 37: INTRODUCTION al. 2009c) and being d
Page 38 and 39: INTRODUCTION Table 6: Selection of
Page 40 and 41: INTRODUCTION 1.5 Sources Sources of
Page 42 and 43: OBJECTIVES 2. Objectives In recent
Page 44 and 45: METHOD OPTIMISATION Simonich et al.
Page 46 and 47: METHOD OPTIMISATION used as carrier
Page 48 and 49: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3 Extraction
Page 50 and 51: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3 Results 3.3
Page 52 and 53: METHOD OPTIMISATION AHMI). For less
Page 54 and 55: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3.5 Extractio
Page 56 and 57: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.4 Discussion
Page 58 and 59: METHOD OPTIMISATION partly due to h
Page 60 and 61: METHOD OPTIMISATION Figure 7: Final
Page 62 and 63: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES volat
Page 64 and 65: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES On ea
Page 66 and 67: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES (Supe
Page 68 and 69: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES Table
Page 70 and 71: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 52 c
Page 74 and 75: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 4.3.2
Page 78 and 79: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 4.5 D
Page 82 and 83: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES influ
Page 84 and 85: STUDY 2: WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLAN
Page 106 and 107: CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK BDE183 were
Page 108 and 109: REFERENCES wastewater treatment/pol
Page 110 and 111: REFERENCES Capuano, F. Cavalchi, B.
Page 112 and 113: REFERENCES Dreyer, A. Temme, C. Stu
Page 114 and 115: REFERENCES Harada, K. Nakanishi, S.
Page 116 and 117: REFERENCES Kallenborn, R. Gatermann
Page 118 and 119: REFERENCES sexual development, and
Page 120 and 121: REFERENCES Oros, D. R. Hoover, D. R
Page 122 and 123: REFERENCES Rimkus, G. (1995): Nitro
Page 124 and 125: REFERENCES Smithwick, M. Mabury, S.
Page 126 and 127: REFERENCES USEPA (2006): 2010/2015
Page 128 and 129: REFERENCES Zhao, Y.-X. Qin, X.-F. L
Page 130 and 131:
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S3: H
Page 132 and 133:
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S1: Ta
Page 134 and 135:
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S2: Ma
Page 136 and 137:
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S5: Ta
Page 138 and 139:
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S7: Bl
Page 140 and 141:
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S11: P
Page 142 and 143:
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S7: S
Page 144 and 145:
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S7 co
Page 146 and 147:
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S16: T
Page 148 and 149:
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S19: M
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154:
ERKLÄRUNG DER SELBSTSTÄNDIGEN VER
show all

Landfills and waste water treatment plants as sources of ... - GKSS

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?