Landfills and waste water treatment plants as sources of ... - GKSS

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STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES volatalisation of PFCs, PBDEs and musk fragrances from landfills. Since PFCs, PBDEs and musk fragrances are substances of emerging concern (see section 1.4) it is essential to understand their environmental fate. 44 INCINERATION MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE ASH FLUE SCRUBBERS PRODUCTS USE MECHANICAL TREATMENT LANDFILL LEACHATE Treatment and discharge GAS Collection for energy generation MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT Sludge VOLATILIZATION FORMATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER RECYCLING REUSE RECOVER UNUSABLE ELEMENTS LEAKAGE Figure 8: General lifecycle of products prior to the storage in landfills. Continuous arrows mark a direct to the next step in process; dotted arrows display indirect contributions of product disposals to landfills. Red boxes are relevant pathways for release of pollutants from landfills into the environment. Scheme adapted from Slack et al. 2004, modified. Currently, five studies have been conducted on the occurrence of PFCs in landfills. All of them focused on leachates concentrations (3M 2001; Kallenborn et al. 2004; Bossi et al. 2008b; Woldegiorgis et al. 2008; Busch et al. 2010). In the most recent study, sum concentrations of 40 PFCs in landfill leachates ranged from
STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES statistical and meteorological analysis revealed that gaseous PBDE concentrations predominantly depend on air mass origin (long-range transport). In contrast, particle-bound PBDEs are mainly released by local sources, such as the landfill itself. However, atmospheric emissions from landfills in Germany remain still unknown. Beside the occurrence in waste water treatment plants (Simonich et al. 2000; Bester 2004; Zeng et al. 2007), it is estimated that synthetic musk fragrances are further emitted indirectly from leaching out of landfill sites (Slack et al. 2007). Although, several studies focus on the occurrence of musk fragrances in ambient air (Kallenborn et al. 1999a; Kallenborn and Gatermann 2004; Peck and Hornbuckle 2004; Chen et al. 2006; Peck and Hornbuckle 2006; Xie et al. 2007; Regueiro et al. 2009), it is still unknown if landfills are important point sources for those compounds. Due to the lack of data for all of these semi-volatile organic contaminants, it is necessary to evaluate their occurrence in the ambient air at sanitary landfills. Therefore objective of this study was to elucidate whether landfills can be a significant source of airborne PFCs, PBDEs and synthetic musk fragrances to ambient air. 4.2 Materials and methods 4.2.1 Sampling Air sampling was conducted at two landfill sites of Northern Germany from 11.08.- 18.08.2009 (landfill LA) and 27.08.-02.09.2009 (landfill LB). LA is a sanitary landfill in a rural area and was closed in 2003. The former waste site is covered to prevent atmospheric emissions and sealed to the ground to avoid uncontrolled leakage. However, LA is still in operation for regional electronic waste, compost and plastic diminishments for pre-treatment and further transport. Landfill LB is situated close to a city and serves about 170000 inhabitants. This landfill consists of an old, inactive part and an active part that is still in use. The waste from the inactive part was transferred to another section which is subsequently sealed due to legal assignments. After pre-treatment, waste is deposited to the active section. LB deposits waste from almost all categories, such as sanitary waste, compost, plastics and electronic devices. Two reference sites (RFs) were sampled simultaneously to LA and LB. The RFs were assumed not to be contaminated by landfills themselves. Since this part of northern Germany receives winds primarily from west- and south-western directions, RFs were chosen as sites located west of the landfills. 45
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ISSN 0344-9629 Landfills and waste
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Die Berichte der GKSS werden kosten
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Deponien und Kläranlagen als Quell
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VI 4.2.5 Extracti
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 20: Proporti
Page 12 and 13: LIST OF TABLES Table S6: Table of r
Page 14 and 15: ABBREVIATIONS BDE47 2,2',4,4'-Tetra
Page 16 and 17: ABBREVIATIONS MW molecular weight M
Page 18 and 19: 2 INTRODUCTION
Page 20 and 21: INTRODUCTION 175 chemicals classifi
Page 22 and 23: INTRODUCTION Table 1 cont. Analytes
Page 24 and 25: INTRODUCTION Table 3: Polycyclic mu
Page 26 and 27: INTRODUCTION Mabury 2006). This inc
Page 28 and 29: INTRODUCTION 1.3 Physico-chemical p
Page 30 and 31: INTRODUCTION 1.4 Environmental conc
Page 32 and 33: INTRODUCTION Chen et al. 2007a; Har
Page 34 and 35: INTRODUCTION prevent xenobiotica fr
Page 36 and 37: INTRODUCTION al. 2009c) and being d
Page 38 and 39: INTRODUCTION Table 6: Selection of
Page 40 and 41: INTRODUCTION 1.5 Sources Sources of
Page 42 and 43: OBJECTIVES 2. Objectives In recent
Page 44 and 45: METHOD OPTIMISATION Simonich et al.
Page 46 and 47: METHOD OPTIMISATION used as carrier
Page 48 and 49: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3 Extraction
Page 50 and 51: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3 Results 3.3
Page 52 and 53: METHOD OPTIMISATION AHMI). For less
Page 54 and 55: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3.5 Extractio
Page 56 and 57: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.4 Discussion
Page 58 and 59: METHOD OPTIMISATION partly due to h
Page 60 and 61: METHOD OPTIMISATION Figure 7: Final
Page 64 and 65: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES On ea
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Page 68 and 69: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES Table
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Page 78 and 79: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 4.5 D
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Page 84 and 85: STUDY 2: WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLAN
Page 106 and 107: CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK BDE183 were
Page 108 and 109: REFERENCES wastewater treatment/pol
Page 110 and 111: REFERENCES Capuano, F. Cavalchi, B.
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REFERENCES Dreyer, A. Temme, C. Stu
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REFERENCES Harada, K. Nakanishi, S.
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REFERENCES Kallenborn, R. Gatermann
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REFERENCES sexual development, and
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REFERENCES Oros, D. R. Hoover, D. R
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REFERENCES Rimkus, G. (1995): Nitro
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REFERENCES Smithwick, M. Mabury, S.
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REFERENCES USEPA (2006): 2010/2015
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REFERENCES Zhao, Y.-X. Qin, X.-F. L
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S3: H
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S1: Ta
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S2: Ma
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S5: Ta
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S7: Bl
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S11: P
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S7: S
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S7 co
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S16: T
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S19: M
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ERKLÄRUNG DER SELBSTSTÄNDIGEN VER
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