Landfills and waste water treatment plants as sources of ... - GKSS
Landfills and waste water treatment plants as sources of ... - GKSS
Landfills and waste water treatment plants as sources of ... - GKSS
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STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES<br />
Table 17: Average recovery rates (R, %) st<strong>and</strong>ard deviations (SD), relative st<strong>and</strong>ard deviations<br />
(RSD), median, minima (Min), <strong>and</strong> maxima (Max) values for semi-volatile PFCs, PBDEs <strong>and</strong><br />
musk fragrances from particle-ph<strong>as</strong>e samples taken at l<strong>and</strong>fills <strong>and</strong> reference sites.<br />
R (Average) SD abs. RSD R(Median) R(Min) R(Max)<br />
18 O2 PFHxS 51 26 51 40 15 125<br />
13 C PFOS 71 19 27 67 23 104<br />
13 C PFBA 53 29 54 45 18 137<br />
13 C PFHxA 27 17 64 22 9 86<br />
13 C PFOA 58 29 51 52 15 143<br />
13 C PFNA 51 17 34 49 21 99<br />
13 C PFDA 58 16 27 58 23 85<br />
13 C PFUnDA 64 19 30 67 22 98<br />
13 C PFDoDA 56 22 40 60 4 90<br />
MBDE28 73 17 24 68 50 103<br />
MBDE47 76 14 18 73 54 103<br />
MBDE99 77 13 17 73 59 110<br />
MBDE153 95 13 13 98 69 117<br />
MBDE183 91 15 17 93 58 127<br />
MBDE209 121 34 28 115 61 186<br />
AHTN D3 62 18 30 65 39 95<br />
MX D15 67 23 34 67 36 106<br />
In order to determine possible contaminations during sampling procedure <strong>and</strong> sample<br />
h<strong>and</strong>ling, field blanks on each sampling site were taken. Additionally, solvent blanks (g<strong>as</strong><br />
ph<strong>as</strong>e) <strong>and</strong> filter blanks (particle ph<strong>as</strong>e) were applied with each set <strong>of</strong> samples during<br />
extraction. Individual blank contamination <strong>of</strong> field blanks, filter <strong>and</strong> solvent blanks are given<br />
in the supporting information. Field blanks were occ<strong>as</strong>ionally contaminated with HHCB <strong>and</strong><br />
AHTN in the low pg m -3 <strong>and</strong> ranged up to 4.7 pg m -3 for HHCB. However, all other field<br />
blanks were not contaminated with PFCs or PBDEs. Only some neutral PFCs were<br />
occ<strong>as</strong>ionally detected in solvent blanks ranging from 0.9 to 2.6 pg m -3 (8:2 FTOH, 10:2<br />
FTOH <strong>and</strong> 12:2 FTOH). Ionic PFC concentrations in filter blanks were generally below<br />
1 pg m -3 . Filter blanks <strong>of</strong> musk fragrances revealed a slight contamination with HHCB (about<br />
1 pg m -3 ) <strong>and</strong> MX (4 pg m -3 ). All PBDE filter blanks were contaminated with BDE183 in the<br />
range <strong>of</strong> 2 to 3 pg m -3 . All filter blanks were highly contaminated with elevated<br />
concentrations <strong>of</strong> BDE209 ranging from 608 to 1943 pg m -3 . Therefore, BDE209 w<strong>as</strong><br />
excluded from further analysis. Concentrations for the remaining analytes were blankcorrected<br />
by subtraction <strong>of</strong> peak area.<br />
4.2.9 Trajectory analysis<br />
To investigate air m<strong>as</strong>s origin during air sampling, air m<strong>as</strong>s back trajectory were calculated by<br />
Hysplit 4.8 (Draxler <strong>and</strong> Rolph 2003) for an arriving height <strong>of</strong> 2 m using NCEP’s Global Data<br />
Assimilation System (GDAS) with a resolution <strong>of</strong> one degree latitude/longitude. Seven-days<br />
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