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STUDY 2: WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS AS SOURCES 76 c a d b Figure 22: Proportions (%) of ionic PFCs in particle-phase samples taken at two WWTPs WA (a) and WB (b) and at the corresponding reference sites (b, d). Sampling periods: 04.08.- 11.08.2009 (WA) and 20.08.- 27.08. 2009 (WB). Samples WA1, RF1, WB2, and RF12 were not analysed because of breaking of measurement vials during centrifugation. WB4 is
STUDY 2: WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS AS SOURCES 5.4.2 Air concentration of musk fragrances in the gas- and particle phase Musk fragrances in the gas phase were observed in all samples. Figure 23 displays concentrations of all musk fragrances at WA and WB as well as their corresponding RFs. Individual concentrations are given in the supporting information. Total musk fragrances concentrations at WA ranged from 5.5 (WA1) to 127.7 ng m -3 (WA4). At corresponding RF, concentrations between 0.1 (RF3) and 0.9 ng m -3 (RF4) were observed. At WB, musk fragrances total concentrations were between 75.4 (WB1) and 480.6 ng m -3 (WB5). Air concentrations of musk fragrances ranged from 0.1 (RF11) and 0.8 ng m -3 (RF15) at corresponding RF. HHCB and AHTN were the only analytes that were detected in all air samples. ADBI and AHMI were consequently detected on both WWTPs with concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 1.7 ng m -3 (ADBI) and from 0.01 to 6.6 ng m -3 (AHMI). At RF, only ADBI was detected occasionally at about 0.01 ng m -3 . ATII as well as both nitro musks were not detected. Proportions of musk fragrances in gas-phase samples taken at the two WWTPs and its corresponding RFs are displayed in figure 24. The average proportions of analytes decreased in the order of HHCB (88 %), AHTN (10.8 %), AHMI (0.8 %), and ADBI (0.5 %). At RFs composition was 87 % for HHCB and 13 % for AHTN. Musk fragrances in the particle phase were only detected in air samples from sites WA, WB and the corresponding RF (figure 25). Individual concentrations of musk fragrances are given in the supporting information. Total particle-phase concentrations ranged from 49 to 534 pg m -3 at WA, 152 to 1615 pg m -3 at WB and 7 to 24 pg m -3 at the corresponding RF: HHCB and AHTN were the predominant analytes and detected in all particle samples. Except for WB2, ADBI and AHMI were continuously detected in air samples of both WWTPs ranging from 3 to 22 pg m -3 . These compounds were not observed in RF samples. ATII, MX and MK were not observed in particle phase in any sample. Proportions of musk fragrances in the particle phase are displayed in figure 26. With the exception of sample WB2, HHCB occurred in highest mean proportions at both WWTPs (WA: 73 %) and WB (85 %), followed by AHTN (WA: 18 %, WB: 12 %). Musk fragrances ADBI and AHMI accounted for 5 % and 4 % (WA) and 2 % and 1 % (WB), respectively. The mean composition of samples RF11- RF15 was dominated by AHTN (57 %) followed by HHCB (43 %). 77
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ISSN 0344-9629 Landfills and waste
Page 4 and 5:
Die Berichte der GKSS werden kosten
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Deponien und Kläranlagen als Quell
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VI 4.2.5 Extracti
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 20: Proporti
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LIST OF TABLES Table S6: Table of r
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ABBREVIATIONS BDE47 2,2',4,4'-Tetra
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ABBREVIATIONS MW molecular weight M
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2 INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION 175 chemicals classifi
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INTRODUCTION Table 1 cont. Analytes
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INTRODUCTION Table 3: Polycyclic mu
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INTRODUCTION Mabury 2006). This inc
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INTRODUCTION 1.3 Physico-chemical p
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INTRODUCTION 1.4 Environmental conc
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INTRODUCTION Chen et al. 2007a; Har
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INTRODUCTION prevent xenobiotica fr
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INTRODUCTION al. 2009c) and being d
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INTRODUCTION Table 6: Selection of
Page 40 and 41:
INTRODUCTION 1.5 Sources Sources of
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OBJECTIVES 2. Objectives In recent
Page 44 and 45: METHOD OPTIMISATION Simonich et al.
Page 46 and 47: METHOD OPTIMISATION used as carrier
Page 48 and 49: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3 Extraction
Page 50 and 51: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3 Results 3.3
Page 52 and 53: METHOD OPTIMISATION AHMI). For less
Page 54 and 55: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3.5 Extractio
Page 56 and 57: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.4 Discussion
Page 58 and 59: METHOD OPTIMISATION partly due to h
Page 60 and 61: METHOD OPTIMISATION Figure 7: Final
Page 62 and 63: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES volat
Page 64 and 65: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES On ea
Page 66 and 67: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES (Supe
Page 68 and 69: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES Table
Page 70 and 71: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 52 c
Page 74 and 75: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 4.3.2
Page 78 and 79: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 4.5 D
Page 80 and 81: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES conce
Page 82 and 83: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES influ
Page 84 and 85: STUDY 2: WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLAN
Page 106 and 107: CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK BDE183 were
Page 108 and 109: REFERENCES wastewater treatment/pol
Page 110 and 111: REFERENCES Capuano, F. Cavalchi, B.
Page 112 and 113: REFERENCES Dreyer, A. Temme, C. Stu
Page 114 and 115: REFERENCES Harada, K. Nakanishi, S.
Page 116 and 117: REFERENCES Kallenborn, R. Gatermann
Page 118 and 119: REFERENCES sexual development, and
Page 120 and 121: REFERENCES Oros, D. R. Hoover, D. R
Page 122 and 123: REFERENCES Rimkus, G. (1995): Nitro
Page 124 and 125: REFERENCES Smithwick, M. Mabury, S.
Page 126 and 127: REFERENCES USEPA (2006): 2010/2015
Page 128 and 129: REFERENCES Zhao, Y.-X. Qin, X.-F. L
Page 130 and 131: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S3: H
Page 132 and 133: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S1: Ta
Page 134 and 135: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S2: Ma
Page 136 and 137: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S5: Ta
Page 138 and 139: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S7: Bl
Page 140 and 141: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S11: P
Page 142 and 143: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S7: S
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S7 co
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S16: T
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S19: M
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Page 154:
ERKLÄRUNG DER SELBSTSTÄNDIGEN VER
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