Landfills and waste water treatment plants as sources of ... - GKSS

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STUDY 2: WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS AS SOURCES 5.6 Conclusion For the first time, it was demonstrated that that musk fragrances and precursor compounds of persistent PFCAs and PFSAs may be released by waste water through volatilisation and can therefore be regarded as sources to the atmosphere. Concentrations of FASAs and FTOHs were significantly higher than those at the corresponding RFs. Aerosol formation is not an important release mechanism of PFCs from waste water. Gas-phase PBDEs were not observed in any sample, but particle-bound PBDEs may have been emitted emitted from aeration tanks. Musk fragrances were observed at significantly elevated concentrations and enhanced substance spectra at both WWTPs by several orders of magnitude as the corresponding RFs. Source strength for gas-phase musk fragrances was significantly higher than for volatile and semi-volatile PFCs. Pronounced differences of the concentrations between the two WWTPs may suggest a strong influence of waste water origin and operational conditions. An influence of waste water flow-through at both WWTPs could not be demonstrated. 86
6. Conclusions and Outlook CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK In this study PFCs, PBDEs and musk fragrances were determined in air samples from two landfills and two waste water treatment plants from Northern Germany and simultaneously sampled reference sites. A previously developed analytical method for PBDEs and musk fragrances revealed high precision and repeatability as well as good suitability. However, simultaneous determination of PBDEs and musk fragrances using GC-MS in the EI mode resulted in low sensitivities of highly brominated PBDE congeners. Thus, PBDE measurement had to be performed in the NCI mode that was more sensitive and resulted in sufficiently low detection limits. PFCs and musk fragrances were detected in all air samples. PBDEs were less often detected and predominantly bound to particles. Air concentrations of PFCs, PBDEs and musk fragrances at landfills and WWTPs were generally higher than those at corresponding RFs. However these concentration differences were not significant for all analytes. Generally, concentrations decreased in the order musk fragrances > PFCs > PBDEs. The PFC composition at of gas-phase samples from landfills was quite similar suggesting common PFC sources. The detection of PFCs at landfills and corresponding RFs corroborates previous assumptions of diffuse sources located west of the sites in industrialized and populated regions. Significantly elevated FTOH concentrations at both landfills suggest landfills as additional PFC source to ambient air. Furthermore, the PFCA and PFSA precursors 6:2 FTOH, 8:2 FTOH, 10:2 FTOH, 12:2 FTOH, EtFOSA, MeFBSA and particlebound PFOSA were detected at elevated concentrations at at least one WWTP revealing that those compounds can be emitted from waste water of aeration tanks. Concentrations of ionic PFCs such as particle-associated PFOA were not significantly elevated suggesting that the aeration process is not an important release mechanism for these substances from waste water. Musk fragrances were detected at significantly higher concentrations at both landfills compared to their corresponding RFs indicating the source character for these compounds. At both WWTPs concentrations of musk fragrances were several orders of magnitude higher than these at the corresponding RFs. Therefore, WWTPs are not only the primary source for musk fragrances to the aquatic environment as described in various studies but also an important source to ambient air. PBDEs were less often detected suggesting a generally low contamination of the sampled air masses. Nevertheless, at one WWTP and one landfill concentrations of the particle-associated 87
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ISSN 0344-9629 Landfills and waste
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Die Berichte der GKSS werden kosten
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Deponien und Kläranlagen als Quell
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VI 4.2.5 Extracti
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 20: Proporti
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LIST OF TABLES Table S6: Table of r
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ABBREVIATIONS BDE47 2,2',4,4'-Tetra
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ABBREVIATIONS MW molecular weight M
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2 INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION 175 chemicals classifi
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INTRODUCTION Table 1 cont. Analytes
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INTRODUCTION Table 3: Polycyclic mu
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INTRODUCTION Mabury 2006). This inc
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INTRODUCTION 1.3 Physico-chemical p
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INTRODUCTION 1.4 Environmental conc
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INTRODUCTION Chen et al. 2007a; Har
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INTRODUCTION prevent xenobiotica fr
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INTRODUCTION al. 2009c) and being d
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INTRODUCTION Table 6: Selection of
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INTRODUCTION 1.5 Sources Sources of
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OBJECTIVES 2. Objectives In recent
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METHOD OPTIMISATION Simonich et al.
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METHOD OPTIMISATION used as carrier
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METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3 Extraction
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METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3 Results 3.3
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METHOD OPTIMISATION AHMI). For less
Page 54 and 55: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.3.5 Extractio
Page 56 and 57: METHOD OPTIMISATION 3.4 Discussion
Page 58 and 59: METHOD OPTIMISATION partly due to h
Page 60 and 61: METHOD OPTIMISATION Figure 7: Final
Page 62 and 63: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES volat
Page 64 and 65: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES On ea
Page 66 and 67: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES (Supe
Page 68 and 69: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES Table
Page 70 and 71: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 52 c
Page 74 and 75: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 4.3.2
Page 78 and 79: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES 4.5 D
Page 80 and 81: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES conce
Page 82 and 83: STUDY 1: LANDFILLS AS SOURCES influ
Page 84 and 85: STUDY 2: WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLAN
Page 106 and 107: CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK BDE183 were
Page 108 and 109: REFERENCES wastewater treatment/pol
Page 110 and 111: REFERENCES Capuano, F. Cavalchi, B.
Page 112 and 113: REFERENCES Dreyer, A. Temme, C. Stu
Page 114 and 115: REFERENCES Harada, K. Nakanishi, S.
Page 116 and 117: REFERENCES Kallenborn, R. Gatermann
Page 118 and 119: REFERENCES sexual development, and
Page 120 and 121: REFERENCES Oros, D. R. Hoover, D. R
Page 122 and 123: REFERENCES Rimkus, G. (1995): Nitro
Page 124 and 125: REFERENCES Smithwick, M. Mabury, S.
Page 126 and 127: REFERENCES USEPA (2006): 2010/2015
Page 128 and 129: REFERENCES Zhao, Y.-X. Qin, X.-F. L
Page 130 and 131: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S3: H
Page 132 and 133: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S1: Ta
Page 134 and 135: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S2: Ma
Page 136 and 137: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S5: Ta
Page 138 and 139: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S7: Bl
Page 140 and 141: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S11: P
Page 142 and 143: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S7: S
Page 144 and 145: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Figure S7 co
Page 146 and 147: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S16: T
Page 148 and 149: SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S19: M
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ERKLÄRUNG DER SELBSTSTÄNDIGEN VER
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