4P Li gç(' TRANSACTIONS

VOL. 47, PT. 5, 19571 ORESME'S VERSION AND ENGLISH TRANSLATION 811
pour labourer et plus puissans a soustenir perilz contrc
les ennemis ou adversaires.
G. .111. nianieres de nourrissemens et de excercitations
ou labeurs sunt. Car aUCUnS sunt nourris trop delicativenient
et trop en repos; et par cc sunt effeminés, mols et
febles et inutiles as armes. Et les autres sunt tiourris trop
durernent et en trop lots labeurs; Ct par cc stint salvages et
aggrestes ou courves et rudes ou liebles et inuiabiles a bons
fais d'armes. Mes les autres, qui sunt nourris et excercités
moiennement, sunt habiles a hien. Et es pals ou les terres
ne sunt trop fortes a labourer par arer ou par becliier, les
cultiveurs des terres entre les autres multitudes populaires
sunt plus telz coninie dit est. Et selon cc dit Plinius ou
.xviii," livre que tres fors hotnines et tres vaillans chevaliers
sunt engendrés de cultiveurs de terre et qui pensent tres peu
de nial. Item, ii appert par le quart chapitre du .vi.' de
Politiques comment telz gens stint moms rnacliinatifs, moms
convoiteus, moms arnbitieus et plus obeissans que quelconque
autre multitude populaire. Et pour cc. Virgille ou
secont Iivre (le Georgiques descript, // (331a) be et recornniande
moult la vie et l'estat dcz cultiveurs de terre: 0 fortunatos
nirnium sua si bona norint agricolas. Et donques
raisonnablernent ceste cure on acquisition est la premiere;
car die est juste, elle est naturele, elle dispose a bien.
T. Et de ces choses oil les possessions sunt
tant settlement hors Ia maison.
G. Cc est assavoir, les terres labourables et les niinieres
ou quarrieres. Et par cc ii denote que autres possessions
sunt dedens Ia maison dont il dira apres.
3. Ott tiers chapitre ii determine de communication de
manage.
T. As homilies la premiere cure doit estre a chescun
de sa femme on espouse.
G. Car apres le seigneur, la femme est la premiere
comme conipamgne. Secundement sunt les enfans et tiercenient
les serfs et les possessions. Apres il declaire que ceste
cure doit estre premiere pour .vi. conditions qui sunt en
communication nupcial (le homme a femme plus que en
autre communication domestique ; car elle est naturele, raisonnable,
amiable, profectable, divine et convenable.
T. Car mesniement et devant toutes, la communication
de la femelle et du masle ensemble est naturelenient.
Car nous SUI)POSOflS par ce que nous avons dit en autres
livres.
C. Cc est assavoir, on secunt livre de l'Ame et ou Liz're
de Generation ci corruption et ou secunt livre de Ia Generation,
des bestes.
T. Que nature affete et desire a mvrer I mont de
choses de ceste maniere.
G. Cc est assavoir, pluseurs supposts tels comme pete et
mere par generation, joux- / (331b) te cc que dit l'Escripture
: Crescite et niultiplicarnini, etc. Et est dit ou secunt
de l'Ame qiie cc est chose tres naturele: Naturalissirnum
enini operum inventibus. Et ceterum facere alteruni, quale
ipsum est. Et a cc honimes et bestcs ont appetit naturel.
T. Si comme a chescune des autres bestes. Et
toutesvoies, cc est impossible que la femelle sans le masle
et que Ic masle sans la femelle face ceste chose.
and for work in the fields and more powerful to resist
danger from the enemy or from adversaries.
G. There are three kinds of training and exercises or
work. For some people are raised too delicately and too
free from activity and are thus rendered effeminate, soft
and weak and useless in military life. Others are raised
too harshly, burdened with too great physical labor and
thus they become uncouth and rustic or bent and coarse or
weak and unable to perform feats of arms well. But those
who are raised and trained with reasonable measure are
capable of good deeds. And in the regions where the land
is not too difficult to work by plowing or spading, those
among the populace who till the soil are rather likethose
just described. Accordingly, Pliny in his eighteenth Book
says that strong, right-thinking men and valiant knights
are born from cultivators of the land [Natural history
XVIII, vi, 26, citing Cato]. Also in Politics VI, 2 11318h
10 if.] it appears that such men are less scheming, less
anihitious, less envious, and more obedient than any other
segment of the populace. And for this reason, Virgil in
the second Book of the Georgics [II, 458] describes, 1/
(331a) praises and recommends highly the life and station
of the cultivators of the land: "Did they but know their
happiness, all truly, too favored the farmers are." Thus
this occupation or means of acquiring wealth stands first
for it is honorable, natural, and it disposes men toward the
good.
T. And these occupations are concerned only with
goods and chattels outside the house.
C. That is, with tillable lands, mines or quarries. Thus
lie implies that other possessions of which he will speak
presently are inside the house.
3. In the third chapter he considers the relationship of
husband and wife.
T. The first concern of every man must be his wife
or spouse.
C. Because next to the master, the wife as his companion
holds first place. The children come second and
the slaves and possessions third. He next points out that
this concern should be primary because of six conditions
which exist in the relationship of husband to wife more
than in any other domestic relationship; (1) because it is
natural, (2) rational, (3) amiable, (4) profitable, (5)
divine, and (6) in keeping with social conventions.
T. For surely, the tie between female and male together
is a natural one. And we assume in what we
have said in other treatises.
G. For example, in On the soul II [4, 415a 28], in
Generation and corruption [I, 4, 319b 5 if.] and in the
Generation of animals II [1, 731b 18 if.].
T. That nature affects and desires to accomplish
many things in this manner.
G. That is, several agents such as father and mother by
generation / (331b) as the Scripture states: Grow and
multiply, etc. [Gen. 1: 28]. And in the second Book of
On the soul [ibid.] this is called a very natural thing: "It
is a most natural activity among created things to seek to
make another creature like unto themselves." And both
men and animals have a natural appetite for this.
T. As is the case with each of the other animals.
However, neither the female without the male nor the
male without the female can accomplish this.