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VOL. 47, PT. 5, 19571 ORESME'S VERSION AND ENGLISH TRANSLATION 811<br />

pour labourer et plus puissans a soustenir perilz contrc<br />

les ennemis ou adversaires.<br />

G. .111. nianieres de nourrissemens et de excercitations<br />

ou labeurs sunt. Car aUCUnS sunt nourris trop delicativenient<br />

et trop en repos; et par cc sunt effeminés, mols et<br />

febles et inutiles as armes. Et les autres sunt tiourris trop<br />

durernent et en trop lots labeurs; Ct par cc stint salvages et<br />

aggrestes ou courves et rudes ou liebles et inuiabiles a bons<br />

fais d'armes. Mes les autres, qui sunt nourris et excercités<br />

moiennement, sunt habiles a hien. Et es pals ou les terres<br />

ne sunt trop fortes a labourer par arer ou par becliier, les<br />

cultiveurs des terres entre les autres multitudes populaires<br />

sunt plus telz coninie dit est. Et selon cc dit Plinius ou<br />

.xviii," livre que tres fors hotnines et tres vaillans chevaliers<br />

sunt engendrés de cultiveurs de terre et qui pensent tres peu<br />

de nial. Item, ii appert par le quart chapitre du .vi.' de<br />

Politiques comment telz gens stint moms rnacliinatifs, moms<br />

convoiteus, moms arnbitieus et plus obeissans que quelconque<br />

autre multitude populaire. Et pour cc. Virgille ou<br />

secont Iivre (le Georgiques descript, // (331a) be et recornniande<br />

moult la vie et l'estat dcz cultiveurs de terre: 0 fortunatos<br />

nirnium sua si bona norint agricolas. Et donques<br />

raisonnablernent ceste cure on acquisition est la premiere;<br />

car die est juste, elle est naturele, elle dispose a bien.<br />

T. Et de ces choses oil les possessions sunt<br />

tant settlement hors Ia maison.<br />

G. Cc est assavoir, les terres labourables et les niinieres<br />

ou quarrieres. Et par cc ii denote que autres possessions<br />

sunt dedens Ia maison dont il dira apres.<br />

3. Ott tiers chapitre ii determine de communication de<br />

manage.<br />

T. As homilies la premiere cure doit estre a chescun<br />

de sa femme on espouse.<br />

G. Car apres le seigneur, la femme est la premiere<br />

comme conipamgne. Secundement sunt les enfans et tiercenient<br />

les serfs et les possessions. Apres il declaire que ceste<br />

cure doit estre premiere pour .vi. conditions qui sunt en<br />

communication nupcial (le homme a femme plus que en<br />

autre communication domestique ; car elle est naturele, raisonnable,<br />

amiable, profectable, divine et convenable.<br />

T. Car mesniement et devant toutes, la communication<br />

de la femelle et du masle ensemble est naturelenient.<br />

Car nous SUI)POSOflS par ce que nous avons dit en autres<br />

livres.<br />

C. Cc est assavoir, on secunt livre de l'Ame et ou <strong>Li</strong>z're<br />

de Generation ci corruption et ou secunt livre de Ia Generation,<br />

des bestes.<br />

T. Que nature affete et desire a mvrer I mont de<br />

choses de ceste maniere.<br />

G. Cc est assavoir, pluseurs supposts tels comme pete et<br />

mere par generation, joux- / (331b) te cc que dit l'Escripture<br />

: Crescite et niultiplicarnini, etc. Et est dit ou secunt<br />

de l'Ame qiie cc est chose tres naturele: Naturalissirnum<br />

enini operum inventibus. Et ceterum facere alteruni, quale<br />

ipsum est. Et a cc honimes et bestcs ont appetit naturel.<br />

T. Si comme a chescune des autres bestes. Et<br />

toutesvoies, cc est impossible que la femelle sans le masle<br />

et que Ic masle sans la femelle face ceste chose.<br />

and for work in the fields and more powerful to resist<br />

danger from the enemy or from adversaries.<br />

G. There are three kinds of training and exercises or<br />

work. For some people are raised too delicately and too<br />

free from activity and are thus rendered effeminate, soft<br />

and weak and useless in military life. Others are raised<br />

too harshly, burdened with too great physical labor and<br />

thus they become uncouth and rustic or bent and coarse or<br />

weak and unable to perform feats of arms well. But those<br />

who are raised and trained with reasonable measure are<br />

capable of good deeds. And in the regions where the land<br />

is not too difficult to work by plowing or spading, those<br />

among the populace who till the soil are rather likethose<br />

just described. Accordingly, Pliny in his eighteenth Book<br />

says that strong, right-thinking men and valiant knights<br />

are born from cultivators of the land [Natural history<br />

XVIII, vi, 26, citing Cato]. Also in Politics VI, 2 11318h<br />

10 if.] it appears that such men are less scheming, less<br />

anihitious, less envious, and more obedient than any other<br />

segment of the populace. And for this reason, Virgil in<br />

the second Book of the Georgics [II, 458] describes, 1/<br />

(331a) praises and recommends highly the life and station<br />

of the cultivators of the land: "Did they but know their<br />

happiness, all truly, too favored the farmers are." Thus<br />

this occupation or means of acquiring wealth stands first<br />

for it is honorable, natural, and it disposes men toward the<br />

good.<br />

T. And these occupations are concerned only with<br />

goods and chattels outside the house.<br />

C. That is, with tillable lands, mines or quarries. Thus<br />

lie implies that other possessions of which he will speak<br />

presently are inside the house.<br />

3. In the third chapter he considers the relationship of<br />

husband and wife.<br />

T. The first concern of every man must be his wife<br />

or spouse.<br />

C. Because next to the master, the wife as his companion<br />

holds first place. The children come second and<br />

the slaves and possessions third. He next points out that<br />

this concern should be primary because of six conditions<br />

which exist in the relationship of husband to wife more<br />

than in any other domestic relationship; (1) because it is<br />

natural, (2) rational, (3) amiable, (4) profitable, (5)<br />

divine, and (6) in keeping with social conventions.<br />

T. For surely, the tie between female and male together<br />

is a natural one. And we assume in what we<br />

have said in other treatises.<br />

G. For example, in On the soul II [4, 415a 28], in<br />

Generation and corruption [I, 4, 319b 5 if.] and in the<br />

Generation of animals II [1, 731b 18 if.].<br />

T. That nature affects and desires to accomplish<br />

many things in this manner.<br />

G. That is, several agents such as father and mother by<br />

generation / (331b) as the Scripture states: Grow and<br />

multiply, etc. [Gen. 1: 28]. And in the second Book of<br />

On the soul [ibid.] this is called a very natural thing: "It<br />

is a most natural activity among created things to seek to<br />

make another creature like unto themselves." And both<br />

men and animals have a natural appetite for this.<br />

T. As is the case with each of the other animals.<br />

However, neither the female without the male nor the<br />

male without the female can accomplish this.

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