4P Li gç(' TRANSACTIONS

VOL. 47, PT. 5, 1957) ORESME'S VERSION AND ENGLISH TRANSLATION 821
T. Item, entre les gerres on manieres de sers ceulz
stint tres bons qui tie sunt pas paoureus tie tres fors.
Car les tins et les autres funt malvesement pource que
ceulz qul stint tres paoureus tie pevent souffrir on sonstenir
laheur ne peine et ceulz qui stint plains de ire et
courageus tie obeissent pas bien.
G. Ft donques ceulz qui sunt disposes moiennenleiit et
tie stint pas fiebles ne trop doubtans labour tie trop fors ct
trop fiers sunt bons pour estre serfs operatifs.
T. Item, ii convient en tons on a tous mettre fin
G. Cc est assavoir, en tous leur labeurs ou en toutes les
choses dessus dictes mettle fin et mesure et a tous serfs.
T. Car cc est chose juste et rnoderee que liberté soit
mise leur merite on louicr on desserte; car adonques
Veulent il labourer quant la deserte est determinee et le
temps determine,
G. Quant a cest propos iii. manieres de serfs stint. Car
auctm est serf operateur et serf naturelment. Ft qui exposeroit
ceste partie, dc tel serf liberté seroit prise pour
repos // (336a) et recreation; car tel serf tie (bit pas avoir
libertC proprement (licte, roes est expedient et juste chose
qu'il serve. Si comme ii fu dit ou quint chapitre de Polltiqucs.
Et dc cc dit Ic Sage; Servuni inclinant operaciones
assidue. II doit assiduelment estre tenu en humilité et en
operations serviles. Item, aucun est franc de nature et serf
operatif par violence no par povreté ou par autre infortune;
et a tel doit cstre donnee libcrté apres certain temps
determine, si comnie il fu commandé as filz d'Israel en
lAncien Testament: Si pauperitate conipulsus vendiderit se
tibi frater tuus, etc. Item, si comme devant est dit, aucun
est serf curateur Ott dispensateur et quant il est bon Fen
lui doit a certain terme donner pleine liberté et tele merite
quil puisse apres vivre cOmfliC seigneur (Ic maison. Ft
pour cc dit Ic Sage: Servus sensatus sit tibi dilectus quasi
anima tua. Non defraudes illuni libertate, neque inopem
derelinquas ilIum. On lui doit donner liberté et non souffrir
quil soit po\'. Ft ces enseignemens Aristote touche
et proniet a dire apres en la fin du. xxii.° chapitre do. vii?
de J'olitiqucs, jouxtc ce que fu dit on premier chapitre.
6. On sixte chapitre ii met les parties fornteles d'yconontie
et determine de .ii. d'icelles.
T. Les especes ciue doit considerer celltii qui est yconome
stint .iiii., lesquelles il convient avoir vers les
choses dc la iiiaison. Car il convient estre puissant Ott
avoir possibilité dc cluerir on aquerir. Item, ii convient
que les cho- / (336b) ses soient gardees; car se cc ne
estoit, le utilité de les aquerir seroit nulle. Item, qu'en
dies ait aornement art ordcnance. Item, usage.
G. Ce est a dire que Yen sache user des choses deuement
T. Car pour grace et afin de cc avons notis mestier
de elles.
G. Cc est assavoir, pour user en deuement. Or avons
donques .iiii. especes dc industrie qui sunt requises en gUnvernement
dc maison. Ce est assavoir: aquisitive, conserva-
T. Among the varieties or kinds of slaves, those who
are neither fearful nor Very strong are excellent. For
both the fearful and the overbold (10 badly, since the
former cannot endure hard work or labor and those
who are hot-headed and rash will not obey readily.
G. But those of moderate disposition, neither weak nor
afraid to work nor too Strong or too proud, make good
laboring slaves.
T. In all cases or for all slaves, one must set a goal.
G. That is, one must set a fixed goal or term for the
labor of all slaves.
T. It is proper and just that freedom should be their
reward or prize; for then they are willing to work when
the recompense is fixed and the period of service predetermined.
G. In this connection, there are three varieties of slaves.
One type is the natural slave, the laborer; and in explaining
this passage of the text, we should assume that liberty
for him would be leisure // (336a) and recreation; for
such a slave should not have liberty properly so called.
But it is just and expedient that lie should work as a slave,
as indicated in Politics I, 2 [1254b 19 if.]. And Solomon
states: "Constant work makes anobedient servant" [Ecclicus
33 271. He must he held assiduously to his task
in humility and in servile labor. If he is of upright nature
and has been forced to become a laborer through violence
or front or some other misfortune, such a one
should be given his freedom after a fixed period of time,
as was commanded of the children of Israel in the Old
Testament: "If thy brother shall sell himself to thee out of
poverty, etc." [Lev. 25: 39]. As previously stated, certain
slaves are caretakers or supervisors and if they are worthy,
they should be given complete freedom after a certain
length of time and should be so recompensed that they
may afterward live as masters of their own house. Wherefore
Solomon says: "A wise slave love as thyself and withhold
not his freedom nor leave him go unrecoinpensed"
[Ecclicus 7: 23]. He should be granted his freedom and
not he permitted to remain poor. And Aristotle touches
on these precepts and promises to speak about them again
at the end of Politics VII, 9 [1330a 33], following that
which was stated in the first chapter.
6. in the sixth chapter he states the formal divisions of
economics and discusses two of these especially.
T. The head of a household should take into consideration
four typical requirements connected with the
business of managing his property: (1) he must have
the capacity or the faculty for getting or acquiring; (2)
the possessions / (336b) must he protected or preserved,
otherwise it would be pointless to acquire them:
(3) they must be improved and kept in order; (4) they
must be of rise.
G. That is, one must know how to use them to advantage.
T. Because it is for the last-named purpose that we
need these possessions.
G. That is, in order to make proper use of them. Thus
we have four types of activity essential to the governance
of a household: (1) the acquisitive, (2) the preservative,