Business Potential for Agricultural Biotechnology - Asian Productivity ...

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Development and Application of Biofertilizers in the Republic of China Young C.C., Chao W.L.,. Liao C.C, Huang S.N., Tzean S.S., Hsu W.H. Collection and application of soil microorganisms in Taiwan. Special topic No.7. Chung Cheng Agricultural Technology and Social Benefit Foundation, Taipei; 2003c. 125. – 57 –
5. CURRENT STATUS OF THE TRANSGENIC APPROACH FOR CONTROL OF PAPAYA RINGSPOT VIRUS INTRODUCTION – 58 – Dr. Shyi-Dong Yeh Department of Plant Pathology National Chung Hsing University Taichung, Republic of China There are many common names for papaya (Carica papayas L.), including papaw or paw paw (Australia), mamao (Brazil), and tree melon (China). The species is believed to be native in southern Mexico and neighboring Central America and was brought to Caribbean countries and Southeast Asia during the Spanish exploration in the sixteenth century (Storey, 1969). It then spread rapidly to India and Africa, and today it is widely distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical areas of the world. A papaya plant has a single erect and tree-like herbaceous stem, with a crown of large palmately and deeply-lobed leaves. The main stem is cylindrical, hollow, with prominent leaf scars and spongy-fibrous tissue. Leaves are arranged spirally, with petioles extending horizontally up to 1 m long. Trees contain white latex in all parts. Flowers are male, female, or hermaphrodite, found on separate trees, and are borne in the axils of the leaves. The modified cymose inflorescences structure allows the flowers to be easily pollinated by wind and insects. The type of flowers produced may change on the same tree, depending on age and environmental factors such as drought and broad temperature fluctuations. Hermaphroditic trees consistently produce male flowers, but only with few female flowers that produce fruits during warmer or cooler seasons, whereas female trees are more stable and always produce pistillate flowers under these conditions. Papaya fruits are fleshy berries and superficially resemble melons. Fruits from female trees are spherical, whereas those from hermaphroditic trees are pyriform, oval, or cylindrical with grooved surfaces. Since the female fruits contain thinner flesh and more seeds in the central cavity, the hermaphrodite fruits are more in demand by consumers. The fruit is a good source of vitamins A and C (Manshardt 1992). Ripe fruits are largely used as fresh dessert fruits, and green fruits are often used as salad and pickled or cooked as vegetable. Papain, a proteolytic enzyme present in the latex, collected mainly from green fruits, has various usages in the beverage, food, and pharmaceutical industries, e.g., chill-proofing beer, tenderizing meat, and drug preparations for digestive ailments (Chan and Tang, 1978). It is also used in bathing hides, softening wool, and as soap for washing cloth. Papaya grows relatively easily and quickly from seeds. It can grow up to 10 or 12 feet in height. Fruits are ready to be harvested 9–12 months after planting, and a tree can continue producing fruits for about 2–3 years, up to when plant height is too tall for efficient harvesting. Since plant sex cannot be distinguished before flowering, 3–5 seedlings are normally planted together and only the most vigorous hermaphrodite ones during flowering are selected and cultivated. In 2004, the FAO estimated that about 3.7 hundred thousand harvested hectares and about 6.5 million metric tons of fruit were harvested (Table 1). Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria, India, and Indonesia yield more than 70% of the total world production. The extensive adaptation of this plant and wide acceptance of the fruit offer considerable promise for papaya as a commercial crop for local and export purposes. Like banana, pineapple, and mango, papaya is one of the important cash crops in the tropics and subtropics. However, the production of this economically important fruit crop is limited by the destructive disease caused by Papaya ringspot virus
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From: Business Potential for Agricu
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Report of the APO Multi-country Stu
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Part IV Appendices 5. Agricultural
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Part I Summary of Findings
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Business Potential for Agricultural
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Potential for Agri-biotechnology Pr
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5. AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY DEVEL
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MANAGEMENT POLITICAL TOOL NATURAL R
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Agricultural Biotechnology Developm
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- 117 - Agricultural Biotechnology
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PROSPECTS - 119 - Agricultural Biot
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Status of Agricultural Biotechnolog
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Status of Agricultural Biotechnolog
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8. TRENDS IN KOREAN ANIMAL BIOTECHN
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- 127 - Trends in Korean Animal Bio
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- 129 - Trends in Korean Animal Bio
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9. BUSINESS POTENTIAL FOR AGRICULTU
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10. BUSINESS POTENTIAL FOR AGRICULT
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PUBLIC SECTOR R&D ACTIVITIES Busine
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11. STATUS OF PUBLIC RICE BIOTECHNO
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Status of Public Rice Biotechnology
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Status of Public Rice Biotechnology
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Trademarked GloFish with genetic-en
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Agricultural research contains more
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Mr. Rozhan Abu Dardak Research Offi
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C. Secretariat Dr. Sung Ho Son Prof
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Thurs., 26 May Forenoon Visit Taida
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