The Impact of Energy Use on Poor Urban Livelihoods in ... - DfID

A Study <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Impact</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> on Poor Urban Livelihoods in Arusha, Tanzania
Box G: NEP policies for the household sector
Demand side
� Encourage efficient end-use technologies and good household practices
� Encourage energy efficient buildings and wider application <strong>of</strong> alternative
sources <strong>of</strong> energy for cooking, heating, cooling, lighhting and other
applications
� Ensure safe utilisation <strong>of</strong> household appliances through regulation <strong>of</strong>
safety standards
Supply side – related exclusively to rural energy
� Promote application <strong>of</strong> alternative energy sources to replace firewood and
charcoal (to reduce deforestation, health hazards, time spent by rural
women in search <strong>of</strong> firewood)
� Promote entrepreneurship and private initiative in the production and
marketing <strong>of</strong> products and services for rural and renewable energy.
Crosscutting Issues
� Promote gender equality within the energy sub-sectors both on the
demand and supply side
� Facilitate education and training for women in all energy aspects
� Promote awareness <strong>of</strong> gender issues concerning men and women’s
social roles in the energy sector, including training on appropriate
technologies
� Promote awareness and advocacy on gender issues in the energy sector.
Source: Ministry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> and Minerals, 2003
• Wood and biomass
Figure C.9: <strong>Energy</strong> Consumption per sector
Sector % <strong>of</strong> energy consumed
by sector
Household 76.5
Industry 12.3
Agriculture 3.9
Transport 2.9
Service sector/
others
4.4
Total 100.0
Source: van Asperen, 2001
Charcoal
Charcoal accounts for a large proportion <strong>of</strong> the wood consumed in Tanzania. '(L)little
is actually known about the actual extent <strong>of</strong> deforestation due to urban charcoal use'
41 42
but there is no doubt that charcoal production accounts for extensive
environmental degradation.
41
Monela et al, 1999 quoted in Tanzanian Association <strong>of</strong> Oil Marketing Companies, 2002,
‘<strong>The</strong> True Cost <strong>of</strong> Charcoal’
42
<strong>The</strong> TOAMC, 2002 study estimated the environmental damage caused by charcoal
production was comparable to a reduction in GNP <strong>of</strong> not less than 2%.
Development Planning Unit, UCL London
Dr. Sheilah Meikle and Patrice North