The Impact of Energy Use on Poor Urban Livelihoods in ... - DfID

A study <strong>of</strong> the impact <strong>of</strong> energy use on poor urban livelihoods in Arusha, Tanzania
Figure 5.2 again demonstrates the inferior position <strong>of</strong> Daraja Mbili; it has fewer
kindergartens, and no secondary school, compared with the stronger position <strong>of</strong>
Kaloleni which has eight kindergartens (7 privately funded) and a secondary school.
<strong>The</strong> seven private kindergartens in Kaloleni confirm the wealthier position <strong>of</strong>
households in this ward with sufficient income to educate their children privately.
Figure 5.2: Education facilities in Daraja Mbili and Kaloleni
Daraja Mbili Kaloleni
Kindergarten 1 government
1 government
7 private
Primary school
One
One
Capacity
2,300 pupils (1,149 girls,
1,622 pupils (839 girls,
1,151 boys)
783 boys)
Annual intake
Secondary school None
135 pupils (NB 2003, 586
pupils registered in
standard 1 - i.e. more than
four times over subscribed)
- 30 -
80 pupils
1 government
Source: Kaloleni Ward Education Officer, quarterly Report March 2003; Community Development
Officer, Quarterly report, Sept-Dec, 20003; and key informant interviews
In accord with national policy, described in chapter 3, the aim is for universal primary
education. However the community is expected to contribute to a classroom building
programme by supplying materials or labour. <strong>The</strong>re are also additional costs to be
found for each child. In Daraja Mbili this is estimated to amount to between
TSh12,500 -15,000 per child per year.
As shown in Figure 5.3, there are numerous problems associated with primary school
participation.
Figure 5.3: Educational problems - schools
Daraja Mbili
� Poor attendance - children have to work for
parents but also truant e.g. to video places
� Heavy domestic workload by girls curtails
their attendance at school
� No follow up by parents
� Hunger - tired and can't concentrate through
lack <strong>of</strong> food
� A few children with HIV/AIDs
� Smoking and drug problems
� Lots <strong>of</strong> gangs
Source: Key informant interviews
Kaloleni
� Poor attendance: truancy
� Heavy domestic workload by girls curtails
their attendance at school
� No follow up by parents
� Most complete their homework using
kerosene lamps
� Some pupils do not have exercise books
(provided free by school for poor pupils)
� No mention <strong>of</strong> HIV/AIDS
� No problems <strong>of</strong> drugs/child abuse
� No problem with behaviour in school
Figure 5.4 highlights some significant differences not only between the two wards but
also between the educational performance <strong>of</strong> boys and girls at primary school. In
large part girls out-perform boys not only in the numbers taking the national exam, at
the end <strong>of</strong> primary school, for entry to secondary school, but also in the proportion <strong>of</strong>
those passing. Interestingly in Daraja Mbili, in the years 2000-2002, there were
always more girls than boys taking the National exam, this despite the fact that there
are generally more boys than girls at primary school. <strong>The</strong> girls' superior performance
is also, with the exception <strong>of</strong> 2002 when there seems to have been a major problem
which affected both boys and girls, reflected in their exam performance, with a
greater percentage <strong>of</strong> girls who took the exam passing compared with boys. In
Development Planning Unit, UCL London
Dr. Sheilah Meikle and Patrice North