The Impact of Energy Use on Poor Urban Livelihoods in ... - DfID

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A study <strong>of</strong> the impact <strong>of</strong> energy use on poor urban livelihoods in Arusha, Tanzania compared with Kaloleni, in this case in terms <strong>of</strong> water, sanitation and solid waste services. <strong>The</strong> median household sizes <strong>of</strong> between 5-7 are similar for both study groups what ever the sub-category. <strong>The</strong>re is some indication that many <strong>of</strong> these poorer urban households comprise extended, rather than merely nuclear families which are increasingly occurring in urban areas. In the Kaloleni group the households range in size from 3-19, and in Daraja Mbili from 1-14. In Kaloleni, and to a much lesser extent in Daraja Mbili, some households will include a servant. Non-poor male headed households in Kaloleni are the most likely to include a servant (47%), compared with 33% <strong>of</strong> female-headed non-poor households and only 33% <strong>of</strong> maleheaded non-poor households in Daraja Mbili. 70 Figure 5.7: Sample streets – physical indicators Daraja Mbili Kaloleni Study streets - Jamhuri, Ali Nanya and Sanare – all 2 planned streets (Magharibi and layout unplanned Mashariki 1 unplanned street (200 Metas) Type Urban Urban/peri-urban Water No houses have water throughout the year. No use <strong>of</strong> shallow wells Approximately 25% have piped water a 65% piped water Approximately 70% public stand pipes 4 public stand pipes Sanitation Pit latrines. More than half <strong>of</strong> households Central sewage system but with suffer from liquid waste problems insufficient capacity. Houses have own septic tanks Frequent flow back from toilets Solid waste Between a quarter and half <strong>of</strong> households 2 skips for whole ward management depend on AMC for disposal. Shortage <strong>of</strong> skips. Collection <strong>of</strong> skips irregular because <strong>of</strong> shortage <strong>of</strong> trucks 71 Privatised service a: Information on water, sanitation and solid waste based on information from two wards <strong>of</strong> Ali Nanya and Sanare. Sources: Sanare/Ali Nanya Community Pr<strong>of</strong>ile, 2003 ; MCHO and Ward Executive Officers for Daraja Mbili and Kanoleni Figures 5.8 and 5.9, drawing on findings from the eight case studies, illustrate the different asset pr<strong>of</strong>iles <strong>of</strong> non-poor and poor male headed households in both Kaloleni and Daraja Mbili. 72 , 73 In both wards generally, for all groups, there are differences <strong>of</strong> degree rather than type in terms <strong>of</strong> assets owned. <strong>The</strong> key assets which determine the security or otherwise <strong>of</strong> the household is, the occupation <strong>of</strong> the key bread winner and the security <strong>of</strong> tenure <strong>of</strong> the home. Poor households, whether in Kaloleni or Daraja Mbili, are less likely to have secure employment, more likely to have only one main bread- winner, and either rent or have a poor quality house. Figures 5.8 and 5.9 capture a picture <strong>of</strong> livelihoods at a point in time, they do not capture the dynamism <strong>of</strong> the livelihoods. <strong>The</strong> semi-structured interviews provide some insight into the nature <strong>of</strong> this movement. In a number <strong>of</strong> cases these show that frequently, the non-poor female headed households are not as stable in their position as the non-poor male headed households. Where the husband has died or left the home, the household is <strong>of</strong>ten living on a reduced income and benefiting from past investment in physical or natural assets that are now gradually being eroded. Such 70 A detailed break down <strong>of</strong> household size and households with servants is given in Appendix E3 71 Information from MCHO 72 A fuller picture is given in Appendix E4 73 It is impossible to draw detailed conclusions from eight case-studies however these findings are supported both by the semi-structured interviews and the focus group discussions. - 33 - Development Planning Unit, UCL London Dr. Sheilah Meikle and Patrice North
A study <strong>of</strong> the impact <strong>of</strong> energy use on poor urban livelihoods in Arusha, Tanzania families, therefore, have less secure livelihoods than male-headed non-poor households. Figure 5.8: Livelihood differences, Kaloleni Kaloleni Male headed households Female headed households Assets Non-poor households Poor households Non-poor households Poor households Natural � Inherited land � Owns land outside Arusha � Owns cattle Physical � Own house with concrete blocks � Piped water supply � Electricity supply � Pit latrine and WC � Expensive fiurniture and furnishings � Wide range household appliances � Bicycle and wheel barrow Financial � Self employed farmer - over 100 acres � Wife - IGA, livestock � Private education for 2 children � Borrows from friends and relatives � Does not borrow from banks and financial institutions � Problem paying school and medical fees. � Inherited land � Owns land outside Arusha � Owns 'sheep and goats � Own house with concrete blocks � Buys water � Pit latrine � Simple furniture and no furnishings � Subsistenance farmer � Wife - main earner - formal sector � Borrows s<strong>of</strong>t loan(s) from employer � Does not borrow from banks and financial institutions � Problem paying school and medical fees. � Husband bought land in Kaloleni Human No information collected 74 Social � Church group member Source: Kaloleni case studies � Church group member � Member <strong>of</strong> kibati group � 10 cell leader � Own house with concrete blocks � Buys water - piped water supply (disconnected) � Flush toilet - but uses bucket to flush � Some furniture � TV and good range <strong>of</strong> appliances � Trader in secondhand clothing � No husband � Borrows from relatives � Does not borrow from banks and financial institutions � Problem paying school and medical fees � No natural assets � Rents room in earth mortar and plastered house � Buys water - no piped water supply � Pit latrine � Some simple furniture and cooking utensils � No permanent income - small chip business � No husband � Borrows from relatives � Does not borrow from banks and financial institutions � Problem paying rent and medical fees � None � Church group member � Secretary to street leader 74 <strong>The</strong>re was some confusion over the definition <strong>of</strong> 'human assets'. This fault was only identified in the final analysis - 34 - Development Planning Unit, UCL London Dr. Sheilah Meikle and Patrice North
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C. Intervention Workshops KALOLENI
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APPENDIX E E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8
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Natural Physical APPENDIX E4 CASE S
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APPENDIX E5 ENERGY USE: FOCUS GROUP
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APPENDIX E6 FUEL AND APPLIANCE COST
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FUEL COSTS, ARUSHA: 2002 - 2004 Fue
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APPENDIX F1 KALOLENI WARD INTERVENT
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