The Impact of Energy Use on Poor Urban Livelihoods in ... - DfID

<strong>The</strong> impact <strong>of</strong> energy use on poor urban livelihoods in Arusha, Tanzania,
<strong>The</strong> three most prevalent diseases in Arusha are malaria, acute respiratory infection
(ARI) and HIV/AIDs.
3.5 Other services
Water and sanitation
Municipal services have declined both in quality and quantity. Management <strong>of</strong> water
supply and sanitation systems and services are now provided de facto almost
exclusively by the community. (UNCHS:98) Municipal authorities lack the funds to
buy and maintain necessary equipment and vehicles. Nationally it is estimated that
35% <strong>of</strong> the population is without sustainable access to an adequate water source.
Although GoT has plans, (since 2002) to improve the provision <strong>of</strong> clean water supply
and removal <strong>of</strong> sewerage in urban areas by focusing on rehabilitating and expanding
the water and sewerage infrastructure and providing facilities to urban water
authorities in order to enhance their operations, progress is slow (i.e. a 3% increase
in provision between 2001 and 2002) (GoT:03)
A water supply is accessible to 88% <strong>of</strong> the urban population <strong>of</strong> Arusha. However
many <strong>of</strong> the urban poor cannot afford the metered water supply and buy water from
local suppliers. <strong>The</strong> use <strong>of</strong> ground water (i.e. wells) is limited.
Waste water is a major problem in unplanned settlements and flows either down the
middle <strong>of</strong> narrow streets or in drainage ditches at the side <strong>of</strong> the streets which <strong>of</strong>ten
overflow in the wet season.
Figure 3.2: Arusha: percentage use <strong>of</strong> sewerage system by type
Planned settlement Unplanned areas
Septic tank linked to
soakage pits
78 5
Pit latrines 8 92
Conventional piped sewage
system
Source: PPA 2001
14 3
Solid Waste Management 30
AMC has 40 skips 31 which are distributed among the 17 Wards. This means that
many streets are without a skip. Households and businesses are charged for solid
waste management services. 32
3.6 Poverty
Tanzania is ranked 59 out <strong>of</strong> 94 developing countries on the UNDP HPI-1 33 scale
(UNDP:03). To be poor in Tanzania is to have few or no choices – it means no
security either in financial, legal or social terms’ and, generally, women and youth are
poorer than men. (SIDA:00)
30
Key Informant Interview
31
30 provided by the World Bank; 10 purchased by the AMC.
32
Households are charged TSh500/month (TSh10,000/month if in CBD); TS64,000/year for businesses
At August 2004 1US dollar = 78.6 Tanzanian Shillings; 1 sterling pound = 144 Tanzanian shillings
33
Calculated for the following 3 indicators <strong>of</strong> deprivation: a long and healthy life (probability at birth <strong>of</strong>
not surviving to age 40) , knowledge (adult literacy rate) and a decent standard <strong>of</strong> living (% <strong>of</strong> population
without sustainable access to an improved water source and % <strong>of</strong> children under weight for age)
12 Development Planning Unit, UCL London
Dr. Sheilah Meikle and Patrice North