The Impact of Energy Use on Poor Urban Livelihoods in ... - DfID

A study <strong>of</strong> the impact <strong>of</strong> energy use on poor urban livelihoods in Arusha, Tanzania
compared with Kaloleni, in this case in terms <strong>of</strong> water, sanitation and solid waste
services.
<strong>The</strong> median household sizes <strong>of</strong> between 5-7 are similar for both study groups what
ever the sub-category. <strong>The</strong>re is some indication that many <strong>of</strong> these poorer urban
households comprise extended, rather than merely nuclear families which are
increasingly occurring in urban areas. In the Kaloleni group the households range in
size from 3-19, and in Daraja Mbili from 1-14. In Kaloleni, and to a much lesser
extent in Daraja Mbili, some households will include a servant. Non-poor male
headed households in Kaloleni are the most likely to include a servant (47%),
compared with 33% <strong>of</strong> female-headed non-poor households and only 33% <strong>of</strong> maleheaded
non-poor households in Daraja Mbili. 70
Figure 5.7: Sample streets – physical indicators
Daraja Mbili Kaloleni
Study streets - Jamhuri, Ali Nanya and Sanare – all 2 planned streets (Magharibi and
layout
unplanned
Mashariki
1 unplanned street (200 Metas)
Type Urban Urban/peri-urban
Water No houses have water throughout the year.
No use <strong>of</strong> shallow wells
Approximately 25% have piped water a
65% piped water
Approximately 70% public stand pipes 4 public stand pipes
Sanitation Pit latrines. More than half <strong>of</strong> households Central sewage system but with
suffer from liquid waste problems
insufficient capacity.
Houses have own septic tanks
Frequent flow back from toilets
Solid waste Between a quarter and half <strong>of</strong> households 2 skips for whole ward
management depend on AMC for disposal.
Shortage <strong>of</strong> skips.
Collection <strong>of</strong> skips irregular
because <strong>of</strong> shortage <strong>of</strong> trucks 71
Privatised service
a: Information on water, sanitation and solid waste based on information from two wards <strong>of</strong> Ali Nanya
and Sanare.
Sources: Sanare/Ali Nanya Community Pr<strong>of</strong>ile, 2003 ; MCHO and Ward Executive Officers for Daraja
Mbili and Kanoleni
Figures 5.8 and 5.9, drawing on findings from the eight case studies, illustrate the
different asset pr<strong>of</strong>iles <strong>of</strong> non-poor and poor male headed households in both
Kaloleni and Daraja Mbili. 72 , 73 In both wards generally, for all groups, there are
differences <strong>of</strong> degree rather than type in terms <strong>of</strong> assets owned. <strong>The</strong> key assets
which determine the security or otherwise <strong>of</strong> the household is, the occupation <strong>of</strong> the
key bread winner and the security <strong>of</strong> tenure <strong>of</strong> the home. Poor households, whether
in Kaloleni or Daraja Mbili, are less likely to have secure employment, more likely to
have only one main bread- winner, and either rent or have a poor quality house.
Figures 5.8 and 5.9 capture a picture <strong>of</strong> livelihoods at a point in time, they do not
capture the dynamism <strong>of</strong> the livelihoods. <strong>The</strong> semi-structured interviews provide
some insight into the nature <strong>of</strong> this movement. In a number <strong>of</strong> cases these show that
frequently, the non-poor female headed households are not as stable in their position
as the non-poor male headed households. Where the husband has died or left the
home, the household is <strong>of</strong>ten living on a reduced income and benefiting from past
investment in physical or natural assets that are now gradually being eroded. Such
70
A detailed break down <strong>of</strong> household size and households with servants is given in Appendix E3
71
Information from MCHO
72
A fuller picture is given in Appendix E4
73
It is impossible to draw detailed conclusions from eight case-studies however these findings are
supported both by the semi-structured interviews and the focus group discussions.
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Development Planning Unit, UCL London
Dr. Sheilah Meikle and Patrice North