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xxu ABBREVIATIONS AMP BIBLIOGRAPHY FOM Oriental Memoirs; a narrative of seventeen years residence in India by James Forbes Esq. F.R.S.; 2nd edition revised by his daughter the countess of Montalembert. 2 vol. London 1574. Forbes arrived in Bombay as Writer to the government in 1766 and sailed for home in 1784. J. Gernet : Less aspects economiques du Bouddhisme duns la societechinoise du V e au X* siecle; (Saigon 1956 — vol. 39 of the Publications de 1’ecole franfaise d’extr&ne-orient). Har. The Harsacaritam of Bana; Sanskrit text, with commentary of Satfikarakavi, Bombay, 7th ed. (Nirnaysdgar) 1946; I have had the still unpublished commentary of Rariganatha (Madras Govt. A/55, collection R. 2703) copied out for my use. The English translation by E. B. Cowell and F. W. Thomas (London 1897, reprinted 1929; Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Trans. Fund), is useful, as is the (sometimes rather uncritical) analysis and comment in Hindi by V. S. Agrawftla (Harsacarita, eka saqiskjtika adhyayana, Patna 1953). HOS Harvard Oriental Series (Harvard University Press, Cambridge-Mass. USA). Hun W. W. Hunter: Annals of Rural Bengal (London 1868). Specially useful for information about the Santal uprising. IA Indian Antiquity. IAR Indian Archaeology, a Review; begun 1954*4, with a second number for 1954-5, apparently not for sale to the general public, but a valuable survey of recent archaeological work. 1G Imperial Gazetteer of India (new edition) 26 vol., Oxford 1907-9. With this should be taken the various provincial gazetteers of which little use has been made in this work as they are all sadly out of date, but many of which (e.g. Gazetteer of the Central Provinces of India; ed. Charles Grant, Nagpur 1870) contain valuable information about tribal life of the period. IHQ Indian Historical Quarterly. INDIA Annual published since 1953 by the Publications Division of the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, New Delhi; compiled by its Research and Reference section. This gives the statistics and general information of interest for the whole country. ITM L. de la Vallee Poussin : “L’lnde aux temps des Mauryas et des barbares, Grecs, Scythes, Parthes et Yue-Tchi” (Paris 1930).
ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY I-tsing trans. J. Takakusu (Oxford, 1896) of I-tsing’s Record of the Buddhist Religion as practised by India and the Malay Archi pelago. I-tsing spent 16 years in India, mainly to study monastic life and administration ; of these, ten years circa A.D. 675-685 at Nalanda. JA Journal Asiatique. JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society. JASB Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (three series, the society having once been changed into the ‘Royal Asiatic Society’, and afterwards merely the ‘Asiatic Society*). The numismatic supplements to the middle series are paged separately. Jat. Pali text in Roman ed. V. Fausbb”!! “ The Jataka together with its commentary, being tales of the anterior births of Gotama Buddha”: 7 vol. London 1877-97. The English translation by various scholars is far less competent than the Gennan by Julius Dutoit : “ Jatakam — Das Buch der Erzahlungen aus friiheren Existenzen Buddhas” (7 vol. Mttnchen 1906-1921). JBBRAS Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. JBORS Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society (now only the Bihar Research Society). JESHO Journal of the social and economic history of the Orient; published at Leiden under the editorship of an international board. JNSl Journal of the Numismatic Society of India. JOR Journal of Oriental Research, Madras (from the Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute, Mylapore, Madras). JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of London. Kern Der Buddhismus und seine Geschichte in Indien; translated into German from the Dutch of Henrik Kern by H. Jacobi; 2 vol. Leipzig 1882, 1884. Treats of the Buddha as a myth, but with good presentation of the canonical source material. KSS The Kathd-sarit-sagara of Somadeva-bhatta; Sanskrit text, 4th ed. (Nimaysagar) Bombay 1930; the excellent translation by C. H. Tawney, edited with explanatory notes, appendices, and index, by N. M. Penzer as “The Ocean of Story”, 10 vol. London 1924 ff. is indispensable for finding anything. Ludtn H. Ltiders : “ List of Brahm! inscriptions from the earliest times to about A. D. 400 with the exception of those of Asoka “, Appendix to EI vol. 10, D. R. Bh&ndarkar’s list in El 19-20 revised that of Kielhorn in El 5 and 8 ; both are much less useful than those of Luders.
Page 1 and 2: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF IND
Page 3 and 4: PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION THIS b
Page 5 and 6: PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xiii a
Page 7 and 8: PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xv Rgv
Page 9 and 10: ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY AB A
Page 11: xxi ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Page 15 and 16: ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY t xx
Page 17 and 18: CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINE No chronology
Page 19 and 20: XXIX CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINE crowns a
Page 21 and 22: Ixiv COMMENTARY TO ILLUSTRATIONS 6.
Page 23 and 24: COMMENTARY TO ILLUSTRATIONS number
Page 25 and 26: Ixviii COMMENTARY TO ILLUSTRATIONS
Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER I SCOPE AND METHODS 1.1. Sp
Page 29 and 30: 1.1J GANGEYADEVA ‘AND BENGAL 3 (w
Page 31 and 32: 1.1] LEGENDS NOT HISTORY 5 still cu
Page 33 and 34: 1.2] ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY 7
Page 35 and 36: 1.3J THE MATERIALIST APPROACH 9 kno
Page 37 and 38: 1.3] VILLAGE PRODUCTION 11 “These
Page 39 and 40: 1.3] FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS 13 were
Page 41 and 42: NOTES TO CHAPTER I 15 3. F. E. Parg
Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER II THE HERITAGE OF PRE- CLA
Page 45 and 46: 2.1] EARLY TOOLS AND MATERIALS 19 T
Page 47 and 48: 2.2] TRIBAL STRUCTURE 21 built, lik
Page 49 and 50: 2.2] RITUAL AND SACRIFICE 23 But sl
Page 51 and 52: 2.2] POWER OF GROUP LIFE 25 The bas
Page 53 and 54: 2.3] CASTES FROM TRIBES 27 tribal p
Page 55 and 56: 2.3] PARDHI CUSTOMS 29 clans are no
Page 57 and 58: 2.3] VAIDUS AND VADDARS 31 The buri
Page 59 and 60: 2.3] THE PROCESS OF ABSORPTION 33 I
Page 61 and 62: 2.4] VETALA AND HANUMAN 35 converte
Page 63 and 64:
2.4] 37 STONE MICROLITHS which has
Page 65 and 66:
2.4] THE PASTORAL GODS 39 that beyo
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2.5] TREE CULTS 41 (a demon), Kalub
Page 69 and 70:
2.5] SYNCRETISM IN CULTS 43 is marr
Page 71 and 72:
2.5] ANCIENT SURVIVALS 45 has been
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SURVIVAL OF PRIMITIVE IMPLEMENTS 47
Page 75 and 76:
2.6J ARCHAIC POTTERY TECHNIQUE 49 m
Page 77 and 78:
NOTES TO CHAPTER II 51 castes many
Page 79 and 80:
CHAPTER III CIVILIZATION AND BARBAR
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3.1] INCORRECT AND CORRECT DEDUCTIO
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3.2] IMPORTANCE OF RIPARIAN DESERTS
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3,2] TRADE WITH BABYLON 59 similari
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3.2] NAVIGATION, INTERNAL TRADE 61
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3.3] FORCE OR RELIGION? 63 containi
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3.3] DOMINANCE OF RELIGION 65 a cul
Page 93 and 94:
3.4] PROBLEM OF FOOT PRODUCTION 67
Page 95 and 96:
3.4] METHODS OF CULTIVATION 69 Indi
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3.4] FLOOD IRRIGATION 71 but does n
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3.4) HARAPPA IN THE RGVEDA 73 Harap
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3.4] DESTRUCTION OF THE DAMS 75 Thi
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NOTES TO CHAPTER III 77 R. E. M. Wh
Page 105 and 106:
NOTES TO CHAPTER III 79 The very ac
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4.1J ARYANS IN HISTORY 81 Aryans in
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4. 1J TWO ARYAN WAVES 83 The commun
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4.1J DEMOLITION OF BARRIERS 85 diff
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4.2] OLD ARYAN GODS 87 The novice w
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4.2] CONTINUED FOREIGN CONTACTS 89
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4.3] MYTH AND HISTORY 91 The second
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4.3] HUMAN AND DEMONIC DASAS 93 ult
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4.3J PURUS, BHRGUS, TRTSUS 95 in RV
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4.4] THE FORMATION OF THE FIRST CAS
Page 125 and 126:
4.4] FOUR CLASS-CASTES 99 intermarr
Page 127 and 128:
4.5] ORIGINS OF BRAHMINISM 101 It h
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4.5] NEED FOR AN URBAN BACKGROUND 1
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4.5] BRAHMIN GOTRAS FROM TRIBES 105
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NOTES TO CHAPTER IV 107 Kasi-Kosala
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NOTES TO CHAPTER IV 109 12. In addi
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5.1] MODE OF LIVING 111 only in the
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5. 1J ANTHROPOMETRY of such measure
Page 141 and 142:
5.2] EFFECT OF THE PLOUGH 115 into
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5.2] NEED FOR CRITICAL EDITIONS 117
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5.3] RISE OF NEW TRIBES 119 in the
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5.3] CATTLE, CROPS, TRADE 121 be an
Page 149 and 150:
5.4] ARYAN LAND-CLEARING 123 design
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5.5] UTOPIAN KURUS ; IKSVAKUS 125 w
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5.5] BHRGU MYTHS 127 Just why he ha
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5.6] DIFFUSION OF NAGA CULTURE 129
Page 157 and 158:
5.6] TOTEMIC SURVIVALS 131 Totemism
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5.7J POOR PRIEST-CLASS 133 Both got
Page 161 and 162:
5.8J MIXED BRAHMINS 135 6.4.16 for
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5.8] SESAMUM OIL 137 The word taila
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5.8J NEW FORMS OF PROPERTY 139 now
Page 167 and 168:
5.9] CHANGES IN SOCIAL STRUCTURE 14
Page 169 and 170:
NOTES TO CHAPTER V 143 Satyakama Ja
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6.1] THE PUNJAB 145 destruction of
Page 173 and 174:
6.1J DEBT AND USURY 147 down to Kau
Page 175 and 176:
6.2] CONTEMPORARY GANGETIC TRIBES 1
Page 177 and 178:
6.2] TRIBAL JANAPADAS 151 Pavarika,
Page 179 and 180:
6.3J BASIS OF ABSOLUTE MONARCHT 153
Page 181 and 182:
6.3J MAGADHAN CONTROL OF METALS 155
Page 183 and 184:
157 Fig. 20. Later Kosalan coinage
Page 185 and 186:
6.$J THE FALL OF KOSALA 159 brahmin
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6.4J DESTRUCTION OF THE LICCHAVIS 1
Page 189 and 190:
6.5] CONTEMPORARY MAGADHAN SECTS 16
Page 191 and 192:
6.6J; NEW DOCTRINES 165 committed i
Page 193 and 194:
6.6} PROPERTY AND RELIGION 167 upon
Page 195 and 196:
6.6] CASTE 169 bearing the message
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6.7J THE GREAT NEGATION ; TAXILA 17
Page 199 and 200:
6.7J APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES 173
Page 201 and 202:
6.7J SYSTEM OF PUNCH-MARKS 175 Thou
Page 203 and 204:
NANDAS 177 the humped bull ) may be
Page 205 and 206:
ROYAL MARKS ON COINS 179 Fig. 26. W
Page 207 and 208:
6.7J RUIN OF TAXILA 181 They also s
Page 209 and 210:
6.7] INFORMATION FROM HOARDS 183 So
Page 211 and 212:
CHAPTER VII THE FORMATION OF A VILL
Page 213 and 214:
MAURYAN CONQUESTS 187 manifestation
Page 215 and 216:
7.2] ALEXANDER AT TAXILA 189 Fig. 3
Page 217 and 218:
7.2] INDIAN MILITARY TACTICS 191 Th
Page 219 and 220:
7.2ij MEGASTHENES ON MAGADHAN SOCIE
Page 221 and 222:
AUTONOMOUS JANAPADAS 195 anywhere i
Page 223 and 224:
7.3J ASOKAN MONUMENTS 197 ; only a
Page 225 and 226:
7.3J KINSHIP ; TRACK ROUTES 199 kin
Page 227 and 228:
ECONOMIC STRAIN 201 be it would hav
Page 229 and 230:
7.3] ATTACHMENT TO BUDDHISM 203 bes
Page 231 and 232:
7.3] INFLUENCE UPON RELIGION 205 Th
Page 233 and 234:
7.3J NEW IDEAL OF KINGSHIP 207 admi
Page 235 and 236:
7:4] THE LANGUAGE OF ASOKAN EDICTS
Page 237 and 238:
7.4] SUPPORT FOR EARLIER DATE 211 T
Page 239 and 240:
7.4] TECHNIQUE OF DISRUPTING TRIBES
Page 241 and 242:
7.4] ARTHASASTRA REALISM 215 occupa
Page 243 and 244:
7.5J STATE CONTROL 217 regulations,
Page 245 and 246:
7.5] REGISTRATION OF RESOURCES 219
Page 247 and 248:
7.5] SCALES OF PAYMENT; LABOUR SERV
Page 249 and 250:
7.6] DEPRECIATION OF CURRENCY 223 p
Page 251 and 252:
7..6J APPORTIONMENT OF LAND 225 feu
Page 253 and 254:
227 of servitude (as were other bon
Page 255 and 256:
7.7] FORMATION OF CROWN VILLAGES 22
Page 257 and 258:
231 Here the rastra private village
Page 259 and 260:
234 herdsmen-under observation, pro
Page 261 and 262:
236 READJUSTMENT TO THE NEW LIFE [7
Page 263 and 264:
CHAPTER VIII INTERLUDE OF TRADE AND
Page 265 and 266:
242 KAMASUTRA OF VATSYAYANA [8.1 im
Page 267 and 268:
244 TRADE AND PILGRIMAGE [8.1 a spl
Page 269 and 270:
246 GREEK INVADERS [8.1 Now, with n
Page 271 and 272:
248 NEW TRIBES AND KINGDOMS [8.1 th
Page 273 and 274:
250 NEED FOR A CALENDAR [8.2 commen
Page 275 and 276:
252 MANUSMRTI THEORY OF THE STATE [
Page 277 and 278:
254 DIFFERENTIAL EXPLOITATION [8.3
Page 279 and 280:
256 ABSENCE OF UNIFORM LAWS [8.3 si
Page 281 and 282:
258 GROWTH OF RUSTICITY [8.4 cannot
Page 283 and 284:
260 NEW PERSONAL GODS [8.4- Bhagabh
Page 285 and 286:
262 THE SOUTHERN TRACK ROUTE [8.5 a
Page 287 and 288:
264 MOTHER GODDESSES OF UNIQUE NAME
Page 289 and 290:
266 BUDDHIST CAVE-COMPLEXES [8.5 bu
Page 291 and 292:
268 WEALTH OF CAVE FOUNDATIONS [8.5
Page 293 and 294:
270 TYPES OF DONORS [8.6 settlement
Page 295 and 296:
272 POWER OF GUILDS [8.6 half a doz
Page 297 and 298:
274 COCONUTS AND COMMODITY PRODUTTI
Page 299 and 300:
276 SATAVAHANA TRADE [8.6 and lead;
Page 301 and 302:
278 ANOMALOUS DEVELOPMENT OF SANSKR
Page 303 and 304:
280 PRIEST AND PRINCE [S.7 The thre
Page 305 and 306:
282 GRAMMARIANS ; IDEALISM ; FLORID
Page 307 and 308:
284 TECHNICAL LITERATURE [8.7 liter
Page 309 and 310:
286 RELATION TO FEUDALISM [8.8 pros
Page 311 and 312:
288 ‘ LITTLE CLAY CART ‘ [8.8 f
Page 313 and 314:
290 KARAGA FESTIVAL [ 8 . & immutab
Page 315 and 316:
292 INFLUENCE UPON THE VERNACULARS
Page 317 and 318:
294 NOTES TO CHAPTER VIII original
Page 319 and 320:
296 THE POLICE GULMA [9.1 intermedi
Page 321 and 322:
298 UPPER INDIA UNDER THE GUPTAS [9
Page 323 and 324:
300 TAXES AND TRIBUTES [9.1 This de
Page 325 and 326:
302 WATERWORKS BHOJA [9.1 trade, po
Page 327 and 328:
304 RUIN OF PATNA [9.2 of village e
Page 329 and 330:
306 WARS OF RELIGION [9.2 The chari
Page 331 and 332:
308 CHINESE ACCOUNTS OF INDIA [9.3
Page 333 and 334:
310 CHANGES IN FEUDAL STRUCTURE [9.
Page 335 and 336:
312 TRIBAL ALLIANCES OF THE, GUPTAS
Page 337 and 338:
314 CASTE AND CLASS ; BUDDHISM [9.4
Page 339 and 340:
316 ADMINISTRATIVE PRACTICES [9.4 c
Page 341 and 342:
318 FROM TRIBE TO CASTE (9,4 fighti
Page 343 and 344:
320 INDIVIDUAL HOLDINGS [9.5 commit
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322 TRANSFER OF STATE RIGHTS 19.5 t
Page 347 and 348:
324 MODEL FOR FEUDAL PROPERTY [9.6
Page 349 and 350:
326 RISE OF MAYtJRASARMAN [9.6 Mayu
Page 351 and 352:
328 VILLAGE COMMUNITY IN GOA [9.6 n
Page 353 and 354:
330 LOCAL CONDITIONS IN GOA [9.6 hi
Page 355 and 356:
332 SHARING OF THE PROFIT [9.6 They
Page 357 and 358:
334 AN IMPRESSIVE MONUMENT [9.7 tho
Page 359 and 360:
336 THE GOSTHl J PROBLEMS OF TECHNI
Page 361 and 362:
338 CONTEMPORARY SURVIVALS [9.7 giv
Page 363 and 364:
340 ARTISANS IN AMARAKO^A [9.7 like
Page 365 and 366:
342 NOTES TO CHAPTER IX descriptive
Page 367 and 368:
344 NOTES TO CHAPTER IX which was t
Page 369 and 370:
Fig. 41. Wet field (paddy-rice) cul
Page 371 and 372:
Fig. 43. Kitchen-gardening and tool
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Fig. 45. Village Oil Press. The art
Page 375 and 376:
Fig. 47. This is not one of the ess
Page 377 and 378:
354 CONTRAST WITH EUROPEAN FEUDALIS
Page 379 and 380:
356 STEADY IMPORT OF HORSES [ 10.1
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358 INEVITABILITY OF INVASION [10.1
Page 383 and 384:
360 SUPERIORITY OF FOREIGN SHIPPING
Page 385 and 386:
362 NECESSITY FOR TRADING BARONS [1
Page 387 and 388:
364 DEVELOPMENT OF KASMIR 10.2 They
Page 389 and 390:
366 ECONOMICS OF ICOCLASM [10.2 in
Page 391 and 392:
368 STRUCTURE OF VIJAYNAGAR EMPIRE
Page 393 and 394:
370 RAJPUT HIERARCHY ; THE MARKET [
Page 395 and 396:
372 SANSKRIT IN THE XIITH CENTURY [
Page 397 and 398:
374 ALAUDDIN’S MEASURES [10.4 liv
Page 399 and 400:
376 PRICE CONTROL AT THE CENTRE [10
Page 401 and 402:
378 TAXES, WATER-WORKS, SLAVERY [10
Page 403 and 404:
380 SLAVERY IN THE XIXTH CENTURY [1
Page 405 and 406:
382 DEVELOPMENT OF FEUDAL TENURE [1
Page 407 and 408:
384 TAX-COLLECTION AND ARMED FORCES
Page 409 and 410:
386 EPHEMERAL CITIES [ 10.5 The eph
Page 411 and 412:
388 LABOURING CLASS POVERTY [10.5 t
Page 413 and 414:
390 ECONOMIC BASES OF RELIGIOUS TEN
Page 415 and 416:
392 A BOURGEOIS VIEW [10.6 the very
Page 417 and 418:
394 TRADING BARONS [10.6 estimated
Page 419 and 420:
396 PRE-CONDITIONS FOR BOURGEOIS DE
Page 421 and 422:
398 PAYMENT OF SUPPLIES [10.7 aband
Page 423 and 424:
400 CRACKS IN THE MILITARY SYSTEM [
Page 425 and 426:
402 CHEAPER TAX-COLLECTION [10.7 su
Page 427 and 428:
404 NOTES TO CHAPTER X 2. The quota
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