Pastoralism and Rangeland Management on the Tibetan Plateau in ...

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Table 1: Contribution of Cordyceps sinensis revenue to agricultural development in Tibet Year Total revenues from Cordyceps Sinensis (in million Yuan) Total revenues of agri culture, forestry, animal husb<strong>and</strong>ry (in million Yuan) Contribution rate of Cordyceps Sinensis 1999 306.1 4821.5 6.35 % 2000 323.1 5121.8 6.31 % 2001 461.7 5277.9 8.75 % 2002 615.7 5588.7 11.02 % 2003 633.9 5863.4 10.81 % 2004 808.7 6273.7 12.89 % 2005 870.1 6774.1 12.84 % 2006 904.4 7047.6 12.83 % 2007 1254.6 7983.1 15.72 % Average 686.5 6083.5 11.28 % Source: Data in were derived from a survey conducted by the Office of Rangel<strong>and</strong> <strong>Management</strong>, Department of Agriculture <strong>and</strong> <strong>Pastoralism</strong>, TAR 2009 Figures from different prefectures show that Cordyceps sinensis in different parts of Tibet contribute differently to agricultural development. The largest contribution made is in Nagqu (38.83 %), with Qamdo (or Changdu with 31.95 %) <strong>and</strong> Nyingchi (or Linzhi with 9.12 %) coming in second <strong>and</strong> third place. 25 This is due to the different output levels of Cordyceps sinensis in different areas (cf. Figure 2). The benefits derived from Cordyceps sinensis collection for farmers <strong>and</strong> herders also varies from place to place. In Nagqu, 80 % of farmer income comes from Cordyceps sinensis. The coverage of Cordyceps sinensis in the TAR is 6500 million mu, with a resource capacity of about 65–70 tons per year. The annual output has been maintained at 40 to 50 tons. With the current market price of approximately 100,000 Yuan per kilo, the annual output value of Cordyceps sinensis in the TAR should be four to five billion Yuan. 25 Data provided by the Office of the Rangel<strong>and</strong> <strong>Management</strong>, Department of Agriculture <strong>and</strong> <strong>Pastoralism</strong> TAR 2009. 169 > > > 4. Niche Production as an Additional Asset for <strong>Pastoralism</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rangel<strong>and</strong> <strong>Management</strong>
Photo 2: Trading of collected Cordyceps in front of Lhasa Mosque (photograph © Hermann Kreutzmann, October 27, 2010) However, this amount should be interpreted with caution. The collection <strong>and</strong> sale of caterpillar fungus mostly relies on private collectors, usually controlled by farmers <strong>and</strong> pastoralists, as well as local <strong>and</strong> outside traders (Photo 2). Most of the transactions consist of small quantities. Therefore, there are no accurate statistics available on the volume of collection <strong>and</strong> sales. Household surveys have only revealed <strong>and</strong> supported rough estimates. Nevertheless, the rough estimates reflect the economic impact on farmers <strong>and</strong> herdsmen to a certain degree. According to investigations by Luorong Zh<strong>and</strong>ui et al. (2006) there are more than 750,000 farmers <strong>and</strong> herdsmen in the Tibet Autonomous Region, whose main source of income is dependent upon the collection of the caterpillar fungus, including 200,000 from Nagqu; 450,000 from Qamdo <strong>and</strong> 100,000 from other areas of prevalence. With appropriate caution, it can be said that Cordyceps sinensis has become an important source of income for farmers <strong>and</strong> pastoralists on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Recently, our research group conducted a series of r<strong>and</strong>omized household surveys. In Garang Village of Bahe Town of Gongbo’gyamda County, Nyingchi Prefecture, there are 14 households. The village is located along the No. 318 State Expressway. In 2010, nine households had revenue of over 30,000 Yuan from Cordyceps sinensis; four households above 20,000 Yuan <strong>and</strong> one household above 10,000 Yuan. However, only four households had an average annual income from agricultural production of 5,000 Yuan, <strong>and</strong> the other ten had less than 4,000 Yuan annually. 170
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Bonn 2011 21-25 October 2010 Region
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Contents Preface ..................
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5.3 Socio-economic Changes in Pasto
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planning and imple
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agricultural base for niche plateau
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Welcome Address by Madhav Karki, IC
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Welcome Address by Jürgen Richter,
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training and have
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Welcome Speech by Ding Ye Xian, Vic
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efforts and streng
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LRMP Land Resource
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Source: Qi Xuebin 2004 The distribu
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In addition, these formulated objec
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ditional resources that play a grow
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1 Introduction On the 18th of Janua
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the headwater areas of the Yellow R
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southern mountainous region of TAR,
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Dai, Y. Y. 2010: 2.5 billion RMB Yu
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2.2 Building the Eco-Shelter of the
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Photo 1: The water towers of humank
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Tibet’s numerous glaciers, lakes,
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Second, to earnestly carry out the
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Figure 2: Map of prefectures within
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Farmers and herdsm
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tems in Tibet, we should establish
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2.3 The Impact of Rangeland
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2 Overview of Pastures in Xinjiang
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Table 1: The coverage of different
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of the land but fe
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Table 2: Various service function v
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thousand hectares
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(2) Rangeland rest
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forage, the problem of serious wint
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3 Eco-tourism and
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1 Rangelands as na
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Holistically valuing a complex syst
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This multi-functional nature of the
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farming landscapes
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lages started in late 1990s. Before
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78 local communities must be able t
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4.2 From “protection or conservat
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82 4. Recreational venues/ tourism
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6 Conclusions Rangeland</st
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Statistics Bureau of Tibet 2010: Bu
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Photo 1: Landscape
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weather is becoming less predictabl
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3.2 Is Cow Dung used for Fuel reall
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some 20-30 tea-house trekking touri
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contributed largely by the native p
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The NTNC-ACAP with the collaboratio
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conditions and inc
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3.3 Balancing Protection an
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of the National Scenic Area List <s
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“nine arms” ( the Tashi Duo Pen
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Table 1: Rangeland
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pastoralists in the surrounding are
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Source: Bureau of Statistics Damxun
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of family income, and</stro
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get their supplies from a fixed who
Page 119 and 120: Photo 2: Prayer flags hanging r<str
Page 121 and 122: for the introduction and</s
Page 123 and 124: to control the overload of livestoc
Page 125 and 126: partnership. This approach in our v
Page 127 and 128: Source: adapted from ICIMOD 2009 Fi
Page 129 and 130: Year Total By Air By Land</
Page 131 and 132: 2.1 Purpose of visit Nepal offers s
Page 133 and 134: natural and cultur
Page 135 and 136: (TAAN), Nepal Mountaineering Associ
Page 137 and 138: 3 Mountain Pastoralism</str
Page 139 and 140: Lakes just a few kilometers distant
Page 141 and 142: Fielding, E., Isacks, B., Barazangi
Page 143 and 144: 4 Niche Production as an Additional
Page 145 and 146: further accelerating ecosystem degr
Page 147 and 148: 5 Pastoralism-base
Page 149 and 150: Photo 2: Podophyllum hexand
Page 151 and 152: Photo 5: Dactylorhiza hatagirea; a
Page 153 and 154: 5.6 Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Ben
Page 155 and 156: information on value chains, build
Page 157 and 158: nonetheless to ensure that appropri
Page 159 and 160: Bhattarai, N. and
Page 161 and 162: Table 1: Rangeland
Page 163 and 164: Botanical name and
Page 165 and 166: Plant species and
Page 167 and 168: permit. Fourth, we should strengthe
Page 169: Source: Winkler, D. 2008, 2010 Figu
Page 173 and 174: Farmers and herdsm
Page 175 and 176: 5.3 Social problems caused by explo
Page 177 and 178: Jiang Yi, Yao Yijian 2004: An Overv
Page 179 and 180: level for making different homestea
Page 181 and 182: Photo 1: Shepherd returning with hi
Page 183 and 184: 50-200 culled buffalos are slaughte
Page 185 and 186: complementary to the surplus availa
Page 187 and 188: for celebratory and</strong
Page 189 and 190: Wool is sheared three times a year
Page 191 and 192: 2.2.9 The Community Wool Enterprise
Page 193 and 194: In the mountain areas of Northern P
Page 195 and 196: are exported in crude form i.e. in
Page 197 and 198: 3.4 Eco-tourism Products The mounta
Page 199 and 200: Ehlers, E. and H.
Page 201 and 202: 5 Pastoral Practices and</s
Page 203 and 204: and entrepreneursh
Page 205 and 206: to 4500-5300 m in altitudes where c
Page 207 and 208: pastures in summer from winter camp
Page 209 and 210: 5000 (m) 4000 3000 208 Detached mou
Page 211 and 212: 5000 (m) 4000 3000 210 Agro-pastora
Page 213 and 214: The renaissance of modernisation th
Page 215 and 216: Table 1: Initial Chinese reforms af
Page 217 and 218: Restore Pastures to Grass (tuimu hu
Page 219 and 220: 4 Resettlement Programmes The above
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5 Future Prospects for pastoral Pra
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Benson, L. and Sva
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Tashi, Y., Chamard, P. C., Courel,
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has been put forward. The governmen
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Revolution, here, refers to the lif
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Table 2: Differentiation between ri
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angeland managemen
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Photo 1: Oat hay from Qumei Town, S
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Photo 3: Storing oat hay for market
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poverty and ecolog
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The average annual incomes of herde
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Source: Cui et al. 2011 Figure 1: L
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3.3 Culture and ed
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formed the main basis of the total
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source of income for agro-pastoral
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��
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Plateau. There were 2.27 million an
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254 Improving education Migration &
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5.4 Recent Changes in Pastoral Syst
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Figure 1: Gorno-Badakhshan - Pastur
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�� Major owners keep their anim
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Only insignificant cultivation area
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of providing animals with seasonal-
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1 Main Achievements and</st
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4. The emergence of industrial <str
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1.2 Main practices and</str
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4. Taking advantage of local resour
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much improved, the ecological envir
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shall promote the intensive use of
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education of farmers and</s
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emphasis on introduction an
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angelands in their
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7.2 Summary of Group Discussion 7.2
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8 Recommendations formulated by the
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Monitoring �� Improve instituti
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Photo 1: The Tibetan Plateau a chal
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Photo 2: Yak-breeding in Linzhou Co
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4. The way forward and</str
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10 Annexes 10.1 Conference
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12:00 Production and</stron
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10.2 List of Participants PR of Chi
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PR of China Ms. Qin Ai Qiong Resear
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PR of China Mr. Yundan Deputy Direc
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Nepal Mr. Mainali, Gopi Nath Joint
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International Participants Dr. Kark
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Imprint Publisher: Deutsche Gesells
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