Pastoralism and Rangeland Management on the Tibetan Plateau in ...

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species is affected, <strong>and</strong> when over-exploitation of pastoral resources threatens the seasonal recovery of the vegetation cover. Mashhad Aral Sea Armu Darya Ashgabat Helm<strong>and</strong> Karachi Arabian Sea Syr Darya Tashkent Kunduz Herat Kabul K<strong>and</strong>ahar > 4000 m 2000 - 4000 m 1000 - 2000 m Dushanbe Indus Karag<strong>and</strong>a Kaxgar Islamabad Lahore Ahmedabad Astana Lake Balkhash Almaty Bishkek Osh P a m i r s H i n du k u sh New Delhi Kashgar K a r a k o r a m Chambal T i e n S h a n Narmada Ganges Tarim T a k l a M a k a n Kathm<strong>and</strong>u Kanpur Nagpur Urumchi Design: H.Kreutzmann Cartography: B.Hilberer Tsangpo Jenissej Tibetan Plateau H i m a l a A l t a y S h a m o K u n l u n S h a n 500 - 1000 m < 500 m Kunduz A l t y n T a g h y a Q a i d a m P e n d i Lhasa Thimphu Brahmaputra Lake Baikal Ulanbataar Q i l i a n S h a n Xining Baotou Lanzhou Chengdu Yangtze China Bay of BengalSouth Sea Dhaka Hanoi M<strong>and</strong>alay Kolkata Naypidaw international boundary / disputed border major city Hwangho Kunming Figure 1: The Tibetan Plateau – embedded into Asian mountain systems Xian Qiqihar Beijing Tianjin Wuhan Shenyang Guangzhou 0 500 km 2 Pastoral Practices – structural <strong>and</strong> spatial Considerations in Pasture Utilisation The Tibetan Plateau resembles a classical model region for two utilisation strategies 32 that are applied in optimizing access to natural pastures in high mountain areas. The Tibetan steppe is probably the largest compact area of its kind <strong>and</strong> is unique in that the areas of agricultural <strong>and</strong> pastoral activities are rather separated. The pastoral space is highly elevated <strong>and</strong> seasonally reaches up 32 Cf. Ehlers & Kreutzmann 2000. For a wider debate on classifications <strong>and</strong> interpretation of nomadism <strong>and</strong> pastoralism cf. Barfield 1993, Benson & Svanberg 1998, Davies <strong>and</strong> Hatfield 2008, Ekvall 1968, Goldstein & Beall 1991, 2002, Humphrey & Sneath 1999, Khazanov 1994, 2005, Khazanov & Wink 2001, M<strong>and</strong>erscheid 2001, Miller 2008, Salzman 2004, Schlee 2005, Scholz 2008. 203 > > > 5. Pastoral Practices <strong>and</strong> their Transformations
to 4500–5300 m in altitudes where crop-farming is out of the question. 33 Oasis <strong>and</strong> pasture settlements are quite distinct features of the cultural l<strong>and</strong>scape. The first utilisation strategy is combined mountain agriculture that finds here some of the highest locations for mountain oases anywhere in the world. On average altitudes range between 3300–4400 m for the permanent habitations from where shepherds leave with their flocks for higher elevations where natural grazing is seasonally utilised during summers. The settlement space is concentrated in river oases that represent the lowest elevations available for agricultural practices. Photo 2: Combined mountain agriculture in the Yarlong Valley (photograph © Hermann Kreutzmann September 12, 2000) Combined mountain agriculture (Figure 2) has the advantage of simultaneous fodder production in the permanent homesteads for herds that are grazed in the high-altitude pastures during summers (Photo 2). The limiting factor in the annual cycle is the provision of feed for up to nine months when high pastures are not accessed. The additional fodder has to be produced on private or common property village l<strong>and</strong>s. Farmers’ habitations are the centre of activities from which the fodder resources are managed. While the natural grazing provides fodder for just a quarter of a year, storage has to be organised from crop residues 33 Vegetation periods are too short to allow the cultivation of any grain crops. 204
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Bonn 2011 21-25 October 2010 Region
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Contents Preface ..................
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5.3 Socio-economic Changes in Pasto
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planning and imple
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agricultural base for niche plateau
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Welcome Address by Madhav Karki, IC
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Welcome Address by Jürgen Richter,
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training and have
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Welcome Speech by Ding Ye Xian, Vic
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efforts and streng
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LRMP Land Resource
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Source: Qi Xuebin 2004 The distribu
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In addition, these formulated objec
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ditional resources that play a grow
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1 Introduction On the 18th of Janua
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the headwater areas of the Yellow R
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southern mountainous region of TAR,
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Dai, Y. Y. 2010: 2.5 billion RMB Yu
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2.2 Building the Eco-Shelter of the
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Photo 1: The water towers of humank
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Tibet’s numerous glaciers, lakes,
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Second, to earnestly carry out the
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Figure 2: Map of prefectures within
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Farmers and herdsm
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tems in Tibet, we should establish
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2.3 The Impact of Rangeland
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2 Overview of Pastures in Xinjiang
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Table 1: The coverage of different
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of the land but fe
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Table 2: Various service function v
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thousand hectares
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(2) Rangeland rest
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forage, the problem of serious wint
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3 Eco-tourism and
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1 Rangelands as na
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Holistically valuing a complex syst
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This multi-functional nature of the
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farming landscapes
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lages started in late 1990s. Before
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78 local communities must be able t
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4.2 From “protection or conservat
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82 4. Recreational venues/ tourism
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6 Conclusions Rangeland</st
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Statistics Bureau of Tibet 2010: Bu
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Photo 1: Landscape
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weather is becoming less predictabl
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3.2 Is Cow Dung used for Fuel reall
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some 20-30 tea-house trekking touri
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contributed largely by the native p
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The NTNC-ACAP with the collaboratio
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conditions and inc
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3.3 Balancing Protection an
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of the National Scenic Area List <s
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“nine arms” ( the Tashi Duo Pen
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Table 1: Rangeland
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pastoralists in the surrounding are
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Source: Bureau of Statistics Damxun
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of family income, and</stro
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get their supplies from a fixed who
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Photo 2: Prayer flags hanging r<str
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for the introduction and</s
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to control the overload of livestoc
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partnership. This approach in our v
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Source: adapted from ICIMOD 2009 Fi
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Year Total By Air By Land</
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2.1 Purpose of visit Nepal offers s
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natural and cultur
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(TAAN), Nepal Mountaineering Associ
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3 Mountain Pastoralism</str
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Lakes just a few kilometers distant
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Fielding, E., Isacks, B., Barazangi
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4 Niche Production as an Additional
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further accelerating ecosystem degr
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5 Pastoralism-base
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Photo 2: Podophyllum hexand
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Photo 5: Dactylorhiza hatagirea; a
Page 153 and 154: 5.6 Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Ben
Page 155 and 156: information on value chains, build
Page 157 and 158: nonetheless to ensure that appropri
Page 159 and 160: Bhattarai, N. and
Page 161 and 162: Table 1: Rangeland
Page 163 and 164: Botanical name and
Page 165 and 166: Plant species and
Page 167 and 168: permit. Fourth, we should strengthe
Page 169 and 170: Source: Winkler, D. 2008, 2010 Figu
Page 171 and 172: Photo 2: Trading of collected Cordy
Page 173 and 174: Farmers and herdsm
Page 175 and 176: 5.3 Social problems caused by explo
Page 177 and 178: Jiang Yi, Yao Yijian 2004: An Overv
Page 179 and 180: level for making different homestea
Page 181 and 182: Photo 1: Shepherd returning with hi
Page 183 and 184: 50-200 culled buffalos are slaughte
Page 185 and 186: complementary to the surplus availa
Page 187 and 188: for celebratory and</strong
Page 189 and 190: Wool is sheared three times a year
Page 191 and 192: 2.2.9 The Community Wool Enterprise
Page 193 and 194: In the mountain areas of Northern P
Page 195 and 196: are exported in crude form i.e. in
Page 197 and 198: 3.4 Eco-tourism Products The mounta
Page 199 and 200: Ehlers, E. and H.
Page 201 and 202: 5 Pastoral Practices and</s
Page 203: and entrepreneursh
Page 207 and 208: pastures in summer from winter camp
Page 209 and 210: 5000 (m) 4000 3000 208 Detached mou
Page 211 and 212: 5000 (m) 4000 3000 210 Agro-pastora
Page 213 and 214: The renaissance of modernisation th
Page 215 and 216: Table 1: Initial Chinese reforms af
Page 217 and 218: Restore Pastures to Grass (tuimu hu
Page 219 and 220: 4 Resettlement Programmes The above
Page 221 and 222: 5 Future Prospects for pastoral Pra
Page 223 and 224: Benson, L. and Sva
Page 225 and 226: Tashi, Y., Chamard, P. C., Courel,
Page 227 and 228: has been put forward. The governmen
Page 229 and 230: Revolution, here, refers to the lif
Page 231 and 232: Table 2: Differentiation between ri
Page 233 and 234: angeland managemen
Page 235 and 236: Photo 1: Oat hay from Qumei Town, S
Page 237 and 238: Photo 3: Storing oat hay for market
Page 239 and 240: poverty and ecolog
Page 241 and 242: The average annual incomes of herde
Page 243 and 244: Source: Cui et al. 2011 Figure 1: L
Page 245 and 246: 3.3 Culture and ed
Page 247 and 248: formed the main basis of the total
Page 249 and 250: source of income for agro-pastoral
Page 251 and 252: ��
Page 253 and 254: Plateau. There were 2.27 million an
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254 Improving education Migration &
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5.4 Recent Changes in Pastoral Syst
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Figure 1: Gorno-Badakhshan - Pastur
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�� Major owners keep their anim
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Only insignificant cultivation area
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of providing animals with seasonal-
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1 Main Achievements and</st
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4. The emergence of industrial <str
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1.2 Main practices and</str
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4. Taking advantage of local resour
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much improved, the ecological envir
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shall promote the intensive use of
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education of farmers and</s
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emphasis on introduction an
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angelands in their
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7.2 Summary of Group Discussion 7.2
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8 Recommendations formulated by the
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Monitoring �� Improve instituti
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Photo 1: The Tibetan Plateau a chal
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Photo 2: Yak-breeding in Linzhou Co
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4. The way forward and</str
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10 Annexes 10.1 Conference
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12:00 Production and</stron
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10.2 List of Participants PR of Chi
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PR of China Ms. Qin Ai Qiong Resear
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PR of China Mr. Yundan Deputy Direc
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Nepal Mr. Mainali, Gopi Nath Joint
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International Participants Dr. Kark
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Imprint Publisher: Deutsche Gesells
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