Pastoralism and Rangeland Management on the Tibetan Plateau in ...

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Engle coefficient 65.0 60.0 55.0 50.0 45.0 40.0 35.0 �� Qamdo Xigaze Nagqu Ngari Nyingchi National Source: data adapted from China Statistics Press 2007, 2008, 2009 2010 Figure 6: Change of Engel coefficient of Tibetan rural residents of main pastoral region The Engel coefficient (EnC) refers to the proportion of residents’ living expenses that is spent on food. Table 4: Relationship of EnC values <strong>and</strong> living st<strong>and</strong>ards Item EnC value >60 % 50 %–60 % 40 %–50 % 30 %–40 % > > 5. Pastoral Practices <strong>and</strong> their Transformations
�� 250 �� Source: data adapted from China Statistics Press 2009, 2010 Figure 7: Annual income per capita of rural residents in pastoral area of TAR. Unit: Yuan (RMB) 5 Driven Factors to social <strong>and</strong> economic Changes 5.1 Support from priority policies Since 1980, the central government has held five Tibet Work Symposiums to deal with the socio-economic development of the TAR. The central government’s transfer of fiscal payments to Tibet is a major way in which it is trying to help to improve Tibet’s development. The money transferred to Tibet from 1959 to 2008 accounted for 201.9 billion Yuan, in which about 76.3 % was contributed between 2001 <strong>and</strong> 2008, thus making up 93.7 % of the TAR’s financial revenue in the same period (China Statistics Press 1990). In the past two decades, some of the transfer payments were provided in the form of investments in development projects in Tibet. Thus, a total of 1,145 projects have been carried out in Tibet including projects that addressed: environmental protection, transportation, tourism development, niche products <strong>and</strong> marketing development, poverty alleviation, natural hazards prevention, improvement of native rangel<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> feeding systems, breed improvement, payments for ecosystem services <strong>and</strong> a series of infrastructure projects related to agriculture <strong>and</strong> pastoral sectors that took place in the middle valleys of the Yarlung Zangbo River <strong>and</strong> the Lhasa <strong>and</strong> Nyangqu Rivers since 1990. In recent years, more attention has been paid to improving pastoral <strong>and</strong> agricultural development through the provision of huge subsidies for productive materials such as seeds, chemical fertilizers, machinery, diesel oil, etc. This enables farmers in Tibet to purchase their materials for pastoral <strong>and</strong> agricultural
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Bonn 2011 21-25 October 2010 Region
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Contents Preface ..................
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5.3 Socio-economic Changes in Pasto
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planning and imple
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agricultural base for niche plateau
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Welcome Address by Madhav Karki, IC
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Welcome Address by Jürgen Richter,
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training and have
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Welcome Speech by Ding Ye Xian, Vic
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efforts and streng
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LRMP Land Resource
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Source: Qi Xuebin 2004 The distribu
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In addition, these formulated objec
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ditional resources that play a grow
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1 Introduction On the 18th of Janua
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the headwater areas of the Yellow R
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southern mountainous region of TAR,
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Dai, Y. Y. 2010: 2.5 billion RMB Yu
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2.2 Building the Eco-Shelter of the
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Photo 1: The water towers of humank
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Tibet’s numerous glaciers, lakes,
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Second, to earnestly carry out the
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Figure 2: Map of prefectures within
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Farmers and herdsm
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tems in Tibet, we should establish
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2.3 The Impact of Rangeland
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2 Overview of Pastures in Xinjiang
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Table 1: The coverage of different
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of the land but fe
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Table 2: Various service function v
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thousand hectares
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(2) Rangeland rest
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forage, the problem of serious wint
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3 Eco-tourism and
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1 Rangelands as na
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Holistically valuing a complex syst
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This multi-functional nature of the
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farming landscapes
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lages started in late 1990s. Before
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78 local communities must be able t
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4.2 From “protection or conservat
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82 4. Recreational venues/ tourism
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6 Conclusions Rangeland</st
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Statistics Bureau of Tibet 2010: Bu
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Photo 1: Landscape
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weather is becoming less predictabl
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3.2 Is Cow Dung used for Fuel reall
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some 20-30 tea-house trekking touri
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contributed largely by the native p
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The NTNC-ACAP with the collaboratio
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conditions and inc
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3.3 Balancing Protection an
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of the National Scenic Area List <s
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“nine arms” ( the Tashi Duo Pen
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Table 1: Rangeland
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pastoralists in the surrounding are
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Source: Bureau of Statistics Damxun
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of family income, and</stro
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get their supplies from a fixed who
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Photo 2: Prayer flags hanging r<str
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for the introduction and</s
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to control the overload of livestoc
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partnership. This approach in our v
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Source: adapted from ICIMOD 2009 Fi
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Year Total By Air By Land</
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2.1 Purpose of visit Nepal offers s
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natural and cultur
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(TAAN), Nepal Mountaineering Associ
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3 Mountain Pastoralism</str
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Lakes just a few kilometers distant
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Fielding, E., Isacks, B., Barazangi
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4 Niche Production as an Additional
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further accelerating ecosystem degr
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5 Pastoralism-base
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Photo 2: Podophyllum hexand
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Photo 5: Dactylorhiza hatagirea; a
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5.6 Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Ben
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information on value chains, build
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nonetheless to ensure that appropri
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Bhattarai, N. and
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Table 1: Rangeland
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Botanical name and
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Plant species and
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permit. Fourth, we should strengthe
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Source: Winkler, D. 2008, 2010 Figu
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Photo 2: Trading of collected Cordy
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Farmers and herdsm
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5.3 Social problems caused by explo
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Jiang Yi, Yao Yijian 2004: An Overv
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level for making different homestea
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Photo 1: Shepherd returning with hi
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50-200 culled buffalos are slaughte
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complementary to the surplus availa
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for celebratory and</strong
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Wool is sheared three times a year
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2.2.9 The Community Wool Enterprise
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In the mountain areas of Northern P
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are exported in crude form i.e. in
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3.4 Eco-tourism Products The mounta
Page 199 and 200: Ehlers, E. and H.
Page 201 and 202: 5 Pastoral Practices and</s
Page 203 and 204: and entrepreneursh
Page 205 and 206: to 4500-5300 m in altitudes where c
Page 207 and 208: pastures in summer from winter camp
Page 209 and 210: 5000 (m) 4000 3000 208 Detached mou
Page 211 and 212: 5000 (m) 4000 3000 210 Agro-pastora
Page 213 and 214: The renaissance of modernisation th
Page 215 and 216: Table 1: Initial Chinese reforms af
Page 217 and 218: Restore Pastures to Grass (tuimu hu
Page 219 and 220: 4 Resettlement Programmes The above
Page 221 and 222: 5 Future Prospects for pastoral Pra
Page 223 and 224: Benson, L. and Sva
Page 225 and 226: Tashi, Y., Chamard, P. C., Courel,
Page 227 and 228: has been put forward. The governmen
Page 229 and 230: Revolution, here, refers to the lif
Page 231 and 232: Table 2: Differentiation between ri
Page 233 and 234: angeland managemen
Page 235 and 236: Photo 1: Oat hay from Qumei Town, S
Page 237 and 238: Photo 3: Storing oat hay for market
Page 239 and 240: poverty and ecolog
Page 241 and 242: The average annual incomes of herde
Page 243 and 244: Source: Cui et al. 2011 Figure 1: L
Page 245 and 246: 3.3 Culture and ed
Page 247 and 248: formed the main basis of the total
Page 249: source of income for agro-pastoral
Page 253 and 254: Plateau. There were 2.27 million an
Page 255 and 256: 254 Improving education Migration &
Page 257 and 258: 5.4 Recent Changes in Pastoral Syst
Page 259 and 260: Figure 1: Gorno-Badakhshan - Pastur
Page 261 and 262: �� Major owners keep their anim
Page 263 and 264: Only insignificant cultivation area
Page 265 and 266: of providing animals with seasonal-
Page 267 and 268: 1 Main Achievements and</st
Page 269 and 270: 4. The emergence of industrial <str
Page 271 and 272: 1.2 Main practices and</str
Page 273 and 274: 4. Taking advantage of local resour
Page 275 and 276: much improved, the ecological envir
Page 277 and 278: shall promote the intensive use of
Page 279 and 280: education of farmers and</s
Page 281 and 282: emphasis on introduction an
Page 283 and 284: angelands in their
Page 285 and 286: 7.2 Summary of Group Discussion 7.2
Page 287 and 288: 8 Recommendations formulated by the
Page 289 and 290: Monitoring �� Improve instituti
Page 291 and 292: Photo 1: The Tibetan Plateau a chal
Page 293 and 294: Photo 2: Yak-breeding in Linzhou Co
Page 295 and 296: 4. The way forward and</str
Page 297 and 298: 10 Annexes 10.1 Conference
Page 299 and 300: 12:00 Production and</stron
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10.2 List of Participants PR of Chi
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PR of China Ms. Qin Ai Qiong Resear
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PR of China Mr. Yundan Deputy Direc
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Nepal Mr. Mainali, Gopi Nath Joint
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International Participants Dr. Kark
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Imprint Publisher: Deutsche Gesells
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