Pastoralism and Rangeland Management on the Tibetan Plateau in ...

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Economy that sees rangel<strong>and</strong>s primarily as a resource for livestock production to a Rangel<strong>and</strong> Economy that emphasizes exploring the multiple functions of rangel<strong>and</strong>s for regional economy development (Table 5). Table 5: Realms of rangel<strong>and</strong> economy Multiple Values of Rangel<strong>and</strong>s Economic Opportunities Traditional Values Habitats Fodder resources Religious sites Recreational venues/aesthetics Niche products/Medicinal plants Carrier of traditional knowledge New-added Values Recreational Values Water <strong>and</strong> Soil Conservation Biodiversity Conservation Carbon Sequestration Niche Products Solar/ wind fields Source: compiled by authors <strong>Pastoralism</strong>/Modernized livestock keeping Trading native products Tourism Industry Payment of Ecosystem Services (PES) Schemes Carbon Trade Organic Food/Vegetable High Value-added Products Traditional Pharmacy Solar/wind energy generation Therefore, with the new emerging opportunities <strong>and</strong> new values added to the rangel<strong>and</strong>s, it is important that a holistic approach/perspective be employed to develop a rangel<strong>and</strong> economy built not only on pastoralism, but also, <strong>and</strong> even more importantly, on tourism industry, development of organic foods <strong>and</strong> vegetables <strong>and</strong> products with high added values, PES schemes, international or national mechanisms for carbon trade so as to explore the multiple values of rangel<strong>and</strong>s. If we can change our “mental models” to focus on the multiple goods <strong>and</strong> services provided by the rangel<strong>and</strong>s, we may find that pastoral production would not be the core, but rather, only a part of rangel<strong>and</strong> management. This will greatly broaden our vision of rangel<strong>and</strong> management. 79 > > > 3. Eco-tourism <strong>and</strong> Nature Protection in Relation to <strong>Pastoralism</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rangel<strong>and</strong> <strong>Management</strong>
4.2 From “protection or conservation” to “sustainable use” of rangel<strong>and</strong>s There is also an urgent need for a shift of the “mental models” of the policymakers from the “protection or conservation” to the “sustainable use” of rangel<strong>and</strong>s. The realization of the importance of rangel<strong>and</strong>s in environmental conservation does not always bring good news to the traditional user communities. Instead, many large protected areas were set up in the rangel<strong>and</strong>s area by excluding or restricting the traditional uses at the expense of the pastoral communities. Many national programmes aiming at restoration of degraded rangel<strong>and</strong>s also have a tendency to overemphasize the measures of protection. This approach to rangel<strong>and</strong> conservation often leads to negative political, socioeconomic <strong>and</strong> ecological consequences. In the first place, it often causes the displacement of indigenous people or restriction to or even total deprivation of their right to the sole resources on which they have been depending on for their livelihoods for generations, frequently resulting in political conflicts between the governments <strong>and</strong> the pastoralists fighting for their rights. In the second place, deprived of access to rangel<strong>and</strong>s resources, local communities often have to make a living with more limited resources which often means a decrease in their quality of life. It often takes generations for the herders to transform <strong>and</strong> adapt themselves to the changes. Thirdly, the ecological consequences of such approach also merit serious thinking. Most of the rangel<strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong>scapes are a product of co-evolution of human activities <strong>and</strong> natural process. In particular, rangel<strong>and</strong>s in the timberline zone of HKH have to a large degree been shaped by human uses. The vegetation pattern <strong>and</strong> biodiversity of such rangel<strong>and</strong>s have been created <strong>and</strong> maintained by human activities mainly grazing which have a great impact on the ecological process of the rangel<strong>and</strong>s. Therefore, exclusion of human uses from these l<strong>and</strong>scapes may produce unintended consequences <strong>and</strong> may actually harm the biodiversity we may try to protect (Yi et al. 2007). Given the often large size of most of the protected areas in rangel<strong>and</strong>s, the scale of such impacts should not be ignored. “Sustainable use” means the way or type of use that could sustain the rangel<strong>and</strong>s resources <strong>and</strong> enable the rangel<strong>and</strong>s resources to continuously provide multiple ecosystem services <strong>and</strong> goods. Keeping this in mind, as long as the use of rangel<strong>and</strong> resources does not harm its functions to provide ecosystem services <strong>and</strong> goods including conservation, such uses should be allowed. In practice, it is always possible to find a balance point where the objectives of economic development <strong>and</strong> nature conservation can be integrated. 80
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Bonn 2011 21-25 October 2010 Region
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Contents Preface ..................
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5.3 Socio-economic Changes in Pasto
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planning and imple
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agricultural base for niche plateau
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Welcome Address by Madhav Karki, IC
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Welcome Address by Jürgen Richter,
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training and have
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Welcome Speech by Ding Ye Xian, Vic
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efforts and streng
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LRMP Land Resource
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Source: Qi Xuebin 2004 The distribu
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In addition, these formulated objec
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ditional resources that play a grow
Page 29 and 30: 1 Introduction On the 18th of Janua
Page 31 and 32: the headwater areas of the Yellow R
Page 33 and 34: southern mountainous region of TAR,
Page 35 and 36: Dai, Y. Y. 2010: 2.5 billion RMB Yu
Page 37 and 38: 2.2 Building the Eco-Shelter of the
Page 39 and 40: Photo 1: The water towers of humank
Page 41 and 42: Tibet’s numerous glaciers, lakes,
Page 43 and 44: Second, to earnestly carry out the
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2: Map of prefectures within
Page 47 and 48: Farmers and herdsm
Page 49 and 50: tems in Tibet, we should establish
Page 51 and 52: 2.3 The Impact of Rangeland
Page 53 and 54: 2 Overview of Pastures in Xinjiang
Page 55 and 56: Table 1: The coverage of different
Page 57 and 58: of the land but fe
Page 59 and 60: Table 2: Various service function v
Page 61 and 62: thousand hectares
Page 63 and 64: (2) Rangeland rest
Page 65 and 66: forage, the problem of serious wint
Page 67 and 68: 3 Eco-tourism and
Page 69 and 70: 1 Rangelands as na
Page 71 and 72: Holistically valuing a complex syst
Page 73 and 74: This multi-functional nature of the
Page 75 and 76: farming landscapes
Page 77 and 78: lages started in late 1990s. Before
Page 79: 78 local communities must be able t
Page 83 and 84: 82 4. Recreational venues/ tourism
Page 85 and 86: 6 Conclusions Rangeland</st
Page 87 and 88: Statistics Bureau of Tibet 2010: Bu
Page 89 and 90: Photo 1: Landscape
Page 91 and 92: weather is becoming less predictabl
Page 93 and 94: 3.2 Is Cow Dung used for Fuel reall
Page 95 and 96: some 20-30 tea-house trekking touri
Page 97 and 98: contributed largely by the native p
Page 99 and 100: The NTNC-ACAP with the collaboratio
Page 101 and 102: conditions and inc
Page 103 and 104: 3.3 Balancing Protection an
Page 105 and 106: of the National Scenic Area List <s
Page 107 and 108: “nine arms” ( the Tashi Duo Pen
Page 109 and 110: Table 1: Rangeland
Page 111 and 112: pastoralists in the surrounding are
Page 113 and 114: Source: Bureau of Statistics Damxun
Page 115 and 116: of family income, and</stro
Page 117 and 118: get their supplies from a fixed who
Page 119 and 120: Photo 2: Prayer flags hanging r<str
Page 121 and 122: for the introduction and</s
Page 123 and 124: to control the overload of livestoc
Page 125 and 126: partnership. This approach in our v
Page 127 and 128: Source: adapted from ICIMOD 2009 Fi
Page 129 and 130: Year Total By Air By Land</
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2.1 Purpose of visit Nepal offers s
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natural and cultur
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(TAAN), Nepal Mountaineering Associ
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3 Mountain Pastoralism</str
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Lakes just a few kilometers distant
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Fielding, E., Isacks, B., Barazangi
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4 Niche Production as an Additional
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further accelerating ecosystem degr
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5 Pastoralism-base
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Photo 2: Podophyllum hexand
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Photo 5: Dactylorhiza hatagirea; a
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5.6 Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Ben
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information on value chains, build
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nonetheless to ensure that appropri
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Bhattarai, N. and
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Table 1: Rangeland
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Botanical name and
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Plant species and
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permit. Fourth, we should strengthe
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Source: Winkler, D. 2008, 2010 Figu
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Photo 2: Trading of collected Cordy
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Farmers and herdsm
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5.3 Social problems caused by explo
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Jiang Yi, Yao Yijian 2004: An Overv
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level for making different homestea
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Photo 1: Shepherd returning with hi
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50-200 culled buffalos are slaughte
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complementary to the surplus availa
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for celebratory and</strong
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Wool is sheared three times a year
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2.2.9 The Community Wool Enterprise
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In the mountain areas of Northern P
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are exported in crude form i.e. in
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3.4 Eco-tourism Products The mounta
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Ehlers, E. and H.
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5 Pastoral Practices and</s
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and entrepreneursh
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to 4500-5300 m in altitudes where c
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pastures in summer from winter camp
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5000 (m) 4000 3000 208 Detached mou
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5000 (m) 4000 3000 210 Agro-pastora
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The renaissance of modernisation th
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Table 1: Initial Chinese reforms af
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Restore Pastures to Grass (tuimu hu
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4 Resettlement Programmes The above
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5 Future Prospects for pastoral Pra
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Benson, L. and Sva
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Tashi, Y., Chamard, P. C., Courel,
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has been put forward. The governmen
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Revolution, here, refers to the lif
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Table 2: Differentiation between ri
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angeland managemen
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Photo 1: Oat hay from Qumei Town, S
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Photo 3: Storing oat hay for market
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poverty and ecolog
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The average annual incomes of herde
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Source: Cui et al. 2011 Figure 1: L
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3.3 Culture and ed
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formed the main basis of the total
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source of income for agro-pastoral
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��
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Plateau. There were 2.27 million an
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254 Improving education Migration &
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5.4 Recent Changes in Pastoral Syst
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Figure 1: Gorno-Badakhshan - Pastur
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�� Major owners keep their anim
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Only insignificant cultivation area
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of providing animals with seasonal-
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1 Main Achievements and</st
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4. The emergence of industrial <str
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1.2 Main practices and</str
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4. Taking advantage of local resour
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much improved, the ecological envir
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shall promote the intensive use of
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education of farmers and</s
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emphasis on introduction an
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angelands in their
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7.2 Summary of Group Discussion 7.2
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8 Recommendations formulated by the
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Monitoring �� Improve instituti
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Photo 1: The Tibetan Plateau a chal
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Photo 2: Yak-breeding in Linzhou Co
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4. The way forward and</str
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10 Annexes 10.1 Conference
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12:00 Production and</stron
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10.2 List of Participants PR of Chi
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PR of China Ms. Qin Ai Qiong Resear
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PR of China Mr. Yundan Deputy Direc
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Nepal Mr. Mainali, Gopi Nath Joint
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International Participants Dr. Kark
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Imprint Publisher: Deutsche Gesells
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