Pastoralism and Rangeland Management on the Tibetan Plateau in ...

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�Retail Consumer Butchers Occasional� Homestead� consumption� Hotels�� Military� Herder� ��Small�market� Medium � size�markets� Large�Livestock�Markets� Saudagar� Baipari Regular� Live�animal�marketing�chain�in�Northern�Mountains� Source: design by authors Figure 2: Live animal marketing chain in Northern Mountains Seasonality significantly affects the livestock market, <strong>and</strong> during various seasons the number, main production areas, dem<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> prices of different livestock species vary tremendously. The livestock markets are filled with livestock during the autumn <strong>and</strong> livestock is sold at much cheaper prices. The main reason is that the livestock owners on one side need to remove their extra livestock units to decrease the feed burden during winter fodder scarcity <strong>and</strong> to get some cash for storing food for their own families <strong>and</strong> feed for livestock to pass through the winter scarcity period. Eid-ul-Azha serves as the main occasion of the year, when the live animal marketing is at bloom. Being the main livestock slaughtering festival, the occasional livestock markets starts in almost every town on daily basis two weeks before the Eid day. The subsistence farmers, the herders <strong>and</strong> saudagar all remain active in livestock marketing on this occasion. The total turnover on this occasion may be 25 percent of the total annual turnover of livestock trade. In remote mountain valleys a large number of sheep <strong>and</strong> goat are slaughtered on the occasion of other festivities like Jashn-e-Nowrooz, festivals related to returning animals from pastures to villages (kuch), funeral occasions <strong>and</strong> wedding ceremonies. Such festivities are mostly arranged during autumn to be 183 > > > 4. Niche Production as an Additional Asset for <strong>Pastoralism</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rangel<strong>and</strong> <strong>Management</strong>
complementary to the surplus availability of livestock. In the Kalasha valleys in Chitral goat is considered sacred <strong>and</strong> large numbers of goat are slaughtered during three main religious festivals (Cacopardo <strong>and</strong> Cacopardo 2001). On the death of a Kalasha person up to 40 goats are slaughtered <strong>and</strong> all the Kalasha from the surrounding valleys are invited. 2.1.2 Current live animal marketing issues <strong>and</strong> development interventions In the remote mountain towns transportation, processing <strong>and</strong> marketing are the missing links in a typical value chain, while the production is also constrained by many challenges (Figure 3). Despite the sizeable livestock population in Gilgit-Baltistan <strong>and</strong> Chitral (2.4 million heads), local markets usually face short supply of animals for meat purpose. The irregular supply of local animals compels local traders to substitute it with buffaloes brought for slaughter from the plains of Pakistan. Major bottlenecks include, covering long distances walking on foot from remote mountain villages, taking many nights stay on the way before reaching major markets, non-availability of shelter <strong>and</strong> feeding facilities on the way to major markets, non-availability of guaranteed market <strong>and</strong> high risk due to price fluctuation, lack of human resource to carry their animals, huge transportation cost <strong>and</strong> non-availability of suitable vehicles for transportation. �� Market�fees�are� used�in�cities�� Bargain�based�sale� of�animals� � Meat�price�is� controlled�in�cities� � Same�price�for�the� entire�carcass� � Limited�support� services� 184 � � Abundant�low� quality�animals� � Subsistence� orientation� � Poverty�<strong>and</strong>� migration� � Population� growth� MARKETING�ISSUES�AND�IMPLICATIONS� Source: design by authors Figure 3: Marketing issues <strong>and</strong> implications � Sub�optimal�l<strong>and</strong>� use� � Over�grazing�of� rangel<strong>and</strong>s� � Natural�Resource� degradation�
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Bonn 2011 21-25 October 2010 Region
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Contents Preface ..................
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5.3 Socio-economic Changes in Pasto
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planning and imple
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agricultural base for niche plateau
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Welcome Address by Madhav Karki, IC
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Welcome Address by Jürgen Richter,
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training and have
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Welcome Speech by Ding Ye Xian, Vic
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efforts and streng
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LRMP Land Resource
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Source: Qi Xuebin 2004 The distribu
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In addition, these formulated objec
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ditional resources that play a grow
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1 Introduction On the 18th of Janua
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the headwater areas of the Yellow R
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southern mountainous region of TAR,
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Dai, Y. Y. 2010: 2.5 billion RMB Yu
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2.2 Building the Eco-Shelter of the
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Photo 1: The water towers of humank
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Tibet’s numerous glaciers, lakes,
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Second, to earnestly carry out the
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Figure 2: Map of prefectures within
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Farmers and herdsm
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tems in Tibet, we should establish
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2.3 The Impact of Rangeland
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2 Overview of Pastures in Xinjiang
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Table 1: The coverage of different
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of the land but fe
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Table 2: Various service function v
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thousand hectares
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(2) Rangeland rest
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forage, the problem of serious wint
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3 Eco-tourism and
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1 Rangelands as na
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Holistically valuing a complex syst
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This multi-functional nature of the
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farming landscapes
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lages started in late 1990s. Before
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78 local communities must be able t
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4.2 From “protection or conservat
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82 4. Recreational venues/ tourism
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6 Conclusions Rangeland</st
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Statistics Bureau of Tibet 2010: Bu
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Photo 1: Landscape
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weather is becoming less predictabl
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3.2 Is Cow Dung used for Fuel reall
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some 20-30 tea-house trekking touri
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contributed largely by the native p
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The NTNC-ACAP with the collaboratio
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conditions and inc
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3.3 Balancing Protection an
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of the National Scenic Area List <s
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“nine arms” ( the Tashi Duo Pen
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Table 1: Rangeland
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pastoralists in the surrounding are
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Source: Bureau of Statistics Damxun
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of family income, and</stro
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get their supplies from a fixed who
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Photo 2: Prayer flags hanging r<str
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for the introduction and</s
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to control the overload of livestoc
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partnership. This approach in our v
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Source: adapted from ICIMOD 2009 Fi
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Year Total By Air By Land</
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2.1 Purpose of visit Nepal offers s
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Page 135 and 136: (TAAN), Nepal Mountaineering Associ
Page 137 and 138: 3 Mountain Pastoralism</str
Page 139 and 140: Lakes just a few kilometers distant
Page 141 and 142: Fielding, E., Isacks, B., Barazangi
Page 143 and 144: 4 Niche Production as an Additional
Page 145 and 146: further accelerating ecosystem degr
Page 147 and 148: 5 Pastoralism-base
Page 149 and 150: Photo 2: Podophyllum hexand
Page 151 and 152: Photo 5: Dactylorhiza hatagirea; a
Page 153 and 154: 5.6 Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Ben
Page 155 and 156: information on value chains, build
Page 157 and 158: nonetheless to ensure that appropri
Page 159 and 160: Bhattarai, N. and
Page 161 and 162: Table 1: Rangeland
Page 163 and 164: Botanical name and
Page 165 and 166: Plant species and
Page 167 and 168: permit. Fourth, we should strengthe
Page 169 and 170: Source: Winkler, D. 2008, 2010 Figu
Page 171 and 172: Photo 2: Trading of collected Cordy
Page 173 and 174: Farmers and herdsm
Page 175 and 176: 5.3 Social problems caused by explo
Page 177 and 178: Jiang Yi, Yao Yijian 2004: An Overv
Page 179 and 180: level for making different homestea
Page 181 and 182: Photo 1: Shepherd returning with hi
Page 183: 50-200 culled buffalos are slaughte
Page 187 and 188: for celebratory and</strong
Page 189 and 190: Wool is sheared three times a year
Page 191 and 192: 2.2.9 The Community Wool Enterprise
Page 193 and 194: In the mountain areas of Northern P
Page 195 and 196: are exported in crude form i.e. in
Page 197 and 198: 3.4 Eco-tourism Products The mounta
Page 199 and 200: Ehlers, E. and H.
Page 201 and 202: 5 Pastoral Practices and</s
Page 203 and 204: and entrepreneursh
Page 205 and 206: to 4500-5300 m in altitudes where c
Page 207 and 208: pastures in summer from winter camp
Page 209 and 210: 5000 (m) 4000 3000 208 Detached mou
Page 211 and 212: 5000 (m) 4000 3000 210 Agro-pastora
Page 213 and 214: The renaissance of modernisation th
Page 215 and 216: Table 1: Initial Chinese reforms af
Page 217 and 218: Restore Pastures to Grass (tuimu hu
Page 219 and 220: 4 Resettlement Programmes The above
Page 221 and 222: 5 Future Prospects for pastoral Pra
Page 223 and 224: Benson, L. and Sva
Page 225 and 226: Tashi, Y., Chamard, P. C., Courel,
Page 227 and 228: has been put forward. The governmen
Page 229 and 230: Revolution, here, refers to the lif
Page 231 and 232: Table 2: Differentiation between ri
Page 233 and 234: angeland managemen
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Photo 1: Oat hay from Qumei Town, S
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Photo 3: Storing oat hay for market
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poverty and ecolog
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The average annual incomes of herde
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Source: Cui et al. 2011 Figure 1: L
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3.3 Culture and ed
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formed the main basis of the total
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source of income for agro-pastoral
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��
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Plateau. There were 2.27 million an
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254 Improving education Migration &
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5.4 Recent Changes in Pastoral Syst
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Figure 1: Gorno-Badakhshan - Pastur
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�� Major owners keep their anim
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Only insignificant cultivation area
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of providing animals with seasonal-
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1 Main Achievements and</st
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4. The emergence of industrial <str
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1.2 Main practices and</str
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4. Taking advantage of local resour
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much improved, the ecological envir
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shall promote the intensive use of
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education of farmers and</s
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emphasis on introduction an
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angelands in their
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7.2 Summary of Group Discussion 7.2
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8 Recommendations formulated by the
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Monitoring �� Improve instituti
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Photo 1: The Tibetan Plateau a chal
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Photo 2: Yak-breeding in Linzhou Co
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4. The way forward and</str
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10 Annexes 10.1 Conference
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12:00 Production and</stron
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10.2 List of Participants PR of Chi
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PR of China Ms. Qin Ai Qiong Resear
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PR of China Mr. Yundan Deputy Direc
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Nepal Mr. Mainali, Gopi Nath Joint
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International Participants Dr. Kark
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Imprint Publisher: Deutsche Gesells
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