Pastoralism and Rangeland Management on the Tibetan Plateau in ...

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From historical climatic data, the trends of both temperature <strong>and</strong> precipitation within each zone or subzone are very heterogeneous <strong>and</strong> locality-dependent, which was not sufficiently integrated into the present programme action plan. (ii) Ecosystem service payments should be used as a catalyst to encourage environmental restoration rather than money distribution. After the pilot implementation of rangel<strong>and</strong> service payments in the TAR, the Chinese government institutionalized the ecosystem service payment system for grassl<strong>and</strong> all over the country, starting in 2011. In addition to reducing forest logging <strong>and</strong> over-grazing, the payment needs be used in the promotion of tree <strong>and</strong> forage planting. (iii) Employment is an integral part of pastoralist resettlement. As the resettlement of pastoralist households is undertaken in the Tibetan Plateau, it will bring better access to public services, such as medical services <strong>and</strong> education. Technical training <strong>and</strong> job assignments for resettled pastoralists are important for livelihoods development <strong>and</strong> programme success. (iv) Resource competition between wildlife <strong>and</strong> livestock is now intensifying. In the Northern highl<strong>and</strong> of the TAR, the booming population of herbivorous wildlife, such as Tibetan antelope, wild yak <strong>and</strong> Tibetan wild ass, is blamed by Tibetan pastoralists for threatening traditional pastoral production <strong>and</strong> livelihoods. The increasing numbers of carnassial mammals, like brown bears, sometimes destroy houses <strong>and</strong> endanger local peoples’ lives. In this case, some countermeasures should be established strategically in the programme action plan. The Tibetan Plateau eco-shelter programme in the TAR is an ambitious national programme for environmental conservation <strong>and</strong> restoration in China, with both regional <strong>and</strong> international significance for water resources <strong>and</strong> climatic systems. However, as a long-term investment, modification or revision of the programme plan is necessary in the context of uncertainties due to climate change <strong>and</strong> human activities. References Bian, D., Yang, Z. G., Li, L., Chu, D., Zhuo, G., Bianba, C. R., Zhaxi, Y. Z., Dong, Y. 2006: The Response of Lake Area Change to Climate Variations in North Tibetan Plateau during Last 30 Years. In: Acta Geographica Sinica 61: 510–518 [in Chinese] 33 > > > 2. Eco-Shelter Concept for the Tibetan Plateau
Dai, Y. Y. 2010: 2.5 billion RMB Yuan is available for TAR’s eco-shelter programme. http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2011-01/05/c_12949219.htm [in Chinese] Ding, Y. J., Liu, F. J. 1995: Effect of climatic change of water balance of Qinghai lake basin for recent thirty years <strong>and</strong> possible tendency. In: Scientia Geographica Sinica 15(2): 124–135 [in Chinese] Jiang, Z. H. 1998: Protecting forest resource <strong>and</strong> building green eco-shelter. In: Forest Science <strong>and</strong> Technology <strong>Management</strong> 3: 12–16 [in Chinese] Jin, H. J., Li, S. X., Wang, S. L. 2000: Impacts of climatic change on permafrost <strong>and</strong> cold regions environments in China. In: Acta Geographica Sinica 55(2): 161–173 [in Chinese] Laba, C. R. 2010: 1.8 billion RMB Yuan is available for TAR’s eco-shelter programme http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2010-09/03/c_13476213.htm [in Chinese] Li, L., Zhu, X. D., Wang, Q. H 2005: Mapping <strong>and</strong> analyses of permafrost change in Qinghai Plateau using GIS. In: Journal of Glaciology <strong>and</strong> Geocryology 27(3): 320–328 [in Chinese] Liu, J. W. 2010: Making the national retire livestock <strong>and</strong> restore grassl<strong>and</strong> programme be an ecologically friendly <strong>and</strong> pastoralist-enriching welfare. In: China Animal Husb<strong>and</strong>ry Bulletin 16:10–12 [in Chinese] Liu, P., Suo, Z. L. 2010: Effectiveness <strong>and</strong> Countermeasures on protection project of natural forest. In: Journal of Northeast Agricultural University – Social Science 8: 70–72 [in Chinese] National Development <strong>and</strong> Reform Commission of China 2009: Approval notes of Tibetan Plateau Eco-shelter Protection <strong>and</strong> Construction Programme (2008–2030). Beijing [in Chinese] State Council of China 2007: China National Plan for Coping with Climate Change. http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2007/content_678918.htm [in Chinese] State Council of China 2011: Discussion <strong>and</strong> approval of the plan of regional ecological construction <strong>and</strong> environmental protection in the Tibetan Plateau (2011–2030) by the st<strong>and</strong>ing meeting of the State Council. http:// www.gov.cn/ldhd/2011-03/30/content_1834721.htm [in Chinese] Yeh, E. 2010: Restoring the grassl<strong>and</strong>s? http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/ show/single/en/3470-Restoring-the-grassl<strong>and</strong>s- 34
Page 1 and 2: Bonn 2011 21-25 October 2010 Region
Page 3 and 4: Contents Preface ..................
Page 5 and 6: 5.3 Socio-economic Changes in Pasto
Page 7 and 8: planning and imple
Page 9 and 10: agricultural base for niche plateau
Page 11 and 12: Welcome Address by Madhav Karki, IC
Page 13 and 14: Welcome Address by Jürgen Richter,
Page 15 and 16: training and have
Page 17 and 18: Welcome Speech by Ding Ye Xian, Vic
Page 19 and 20: efforts and streng
Page 21 and 22: LRMP Land Resource
Page 23 and 24: Source: Qi Xuebin 2004 The distribu
Page 25 and 26: In addition, these formulated objec
Page 27 and 28: ditional resources that play a grow
Page 29 and 30: 1 Introduction On the 18th of Janua
Page 31 and 32: the headwater areas of the Yellow R
Page 33: southern mountainous region of TAR,
Page 37 and 38: 2.2 Building the Eco-Shelter of the
Page 39 and 40: Photo 1: The water towers of humank
Page 41 and 42: Tibet’s numerous glaciers, lakes,
Page 43 and 44: Second, to earnestly carry out the
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2: Map of prefectures within
Page 47 and 48: Farmers and herdsm
Page 49 and 50: tems in Tibet, we should establish
Page 51 and 52: 2.3 The Impact of Rangeland
Page 53 and 54: 2 Overview of Pastures in Xinjiang
Page 55 and 56: Table 1: The coverage of different
Page 57 and 58: of the land but fe
Page 59 and 60: Table 2: Various service function v
Page 61 and 62: thousand hectares
Page 63 and 64: (2) Rangeland rest
Page 65 and 66: forage, the problem of serious wint
Page 67 and 68: 3 Eco-tourism and
Page 69 and 70: 1 Rangelands as na
Page 71 and 72: Holistically valuing a complex syst
Page 73 and 74: This multi-functional nature of the
Page 75 and 76: farming landscapes
Page 77 and 78: lages started in late 1990s. Before
Page 79 and 80: 78 local communities must be able t
Page 81 and 82: 4.2 From “protection or conservat
Page 83 and 84: 82 4. Recreational venues/ tourism
Page 85 and 86:
6 Conclusions Rangeland</st
Page 87 and 88:
Statistics Bureau of Tibet 2010: Bu
Page 89 and 90:
Photo 1: Landscape
Page 91 and 92:
weather is becoming less predictabl
Page 93 and 94:
3.2 Is Cow Dung used for Fuel reall
Page 95 and 96:
some 20-30 tea-house trekking touri
Page 97 and 98:
contributed largely by the native p
Page 99 and 100:
The NTNC-ACAP with the collaboratio
Page 101 and 102:
conditions and inc
Page 103 and 104:
3.3 Balancing Protection an
Page 105 and 106:
of the National Scenic Area List <s
Page 107 and 108:
“nine arms” ( the Tashi Duo Pen
Page 109 and 110:
Table 1: Rangeland
Page 111 and 112:
pastoralists in the surrounding are
Page 113 and 114:
Source: Bureau of Statistics Damxun
Page 115 and 116:
of family income, and</stro
Page 117 and 118:
get their supplies from a fixed who
Page 119 and 120:
Photo 2: Prayer flags hanging r<str
Page 121 and 122:
for the introduction and</s
Page 123 and 124:
to control the overload of livestoc
Page 125 and 126:
partnership. This approach in our v
Page 127 and 128:
Source: adapted from ICIMOD 2009 Fi
Page 129 and 130:
Year Total By Air By Land</
Page 131 and 132:
2.1 Purpose of visit Nepal offers s
Page 133 and 134:
natural and cultur
Page 135 and 136:
(TAAN), Nepal Mountaineering Associ
Page 137 and 138:
3 Mountain Pastoralism</str
Page 139 and 140:
Lakes just a few kilometers distant
Page 141 and 142:
Fielding, E., Isacks, B., Barazangi
Page 143 and 144:
4 Niche Production as an Additional
Page 145 and 146:
further accelerating ecosystem degr
Page 147 and 148:
5 Pastoralism-base
Page 149 and 150:
Photo 2: Podophyllum hexand
Page 151 and 152:
Photo 5: Dactylorhiza hatagirea; a
Page 153 and 154:
5.6 Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Ben
Page 155 and 156:
information on value chains, build
Page 157 and 158:
nonetheless to ensure that appropri
Page 159 and 160:
Bhattarai, N. and
Page 161 and 162:
Table 1: Rangeland
Page 163 and 164:
Botanical name and
Page 165 and 166:
Plant species and
Page 167 and 168:
permit. Fourth, we should strengthe
Page 169 and 170:
Source: Winkler, D. 2008, 2010 Figu
Page 171 and 172:
Photo 2: Trading of collected Cordy
Page 173 and 174:
Farmers and herdsm
Page 175 and 176:
5.3 Social problems caused by explo
Page 177 and 178:
Jiang Yi, Yao Yijian 2004: An Overv
Page 179 and 180:
level for making different homestea
Page 181 and 182:
Photo 1: Shepherd returning with hi
Page 183 and 184:
50-200 culled buffalos are slaughte
Page 185 and 186:
complementary to the surplus availa
Page 187 and 188:
for celebratory and</strong
Page 189 and 190:
Wool is sheared three times a year
Page 191 and 192:
2.2.9 The Community Wool Enterprise
Page 193 and 194:
In the mountain areas of Northern P
Page 195 and 196:
are exported in crude form i.e. in
Page 197 and 198:
3.4 Eco-tourism Products The mounta
Page 199 and 200:
Ehlers, E. and H.
Page 201 and 202:
5 Pastoral Practices and</s
Page 203 and 204:
and entrepreneursh
Page 205 and 206:
to 4500-5300 m in altitudes where c
Page 207 and 208:
pastures in summer from winter camp
Page 209 and 210:
5000 (m) 4000 3000 208 Detached mou
Page 211 and 212:
5000 (m) 4000 3000 210 Agro-pastora
Page 213 and 214:
The renaissance of modernisation th
Page 215 and 216:
Table 1: Initial Chinese reforms af
Page 217 and 218:
Restore Pastures to Grass (tuimu hu
Page 219 and 220:
4 Resettlement Programmes The above
Page 221 and 222:
5 Future Prospects for pastoral Pra
Page 223 and 224:
Benson, L. and Sva
Page 225 and 226:
Tashi, Y., Chamard, P. C., Courel,
Page 227 and 228:
has been put forward. The governmen
Page 229 and 230:
Revolution, here, refers to the lif
Page 231 and 232:
Table 2: Differentiation between ri
Page 233 and 234:
angeland managemen
Page 235 and 236:
Photo 1: Oat hay from Qumei Town, S
Page 237 and 238:
Photo 3: Storing oat hay for market
Page 239 and 240:
poverty and ecolog
Page 241 and 242:
The average annual incomes of herde
Page 243 and 244:
Source: Cui et al. 2011 Figure 1: L
Page 245 and 246:
3.3 Culture and ed
Page 247 and 248:
formed the main basis of the total
Page 249 and 250:
source of income for agro-pastoral
Page 251 and 252:
��
Page 253 and 254:
Plateau. There were 2.27 million an
Page 255 and 256:
254 Improving education Migration &
Page 257 and 258:
5.4 Recent Changes in Pastoral Syst
Page 259 and 260:
Figure 1: Gorno-Badakhshan - Pastur
Page 261 and 262:
�� Major owners keep their anim
Page 263 and 264:
Only insignificant cultivation area
Page 265 and 266:
of providing animals with seasonal-
Page 267 and 268:
1 Main Achievements and</st
Page 269 and 270:
4. The emergence of industrial <str
Page 271 and 272:
1.2 Main practices and</str
Page 273 and 274:
4. Taking advantage of local resour
Page 275 and 276:
much improved, the ecological envir
Page 277 and 278:
shall promote the intensive use of
Page 279 and 280:
education of farmers and</s
Page 281 and 282:
emphasis on introduction an
Page 283 and 284:
angelands in their
Page 285 and 286:
7.2 Summary of Group Discussion 7.2
Page 287 and 288:
8 Recommendations formulated by the
Page 289 and 290:
Monitoring �� Improve instituti
Page 291 and 292:
Photo 1: The Tibetan Plateau a chal
Page 293 and 294:
Photo 2: Yak-breeding in Linzhou Co
Page 295 and 296:
4. The way forward and</str
Page 297 and 298:
10 Annexes 10.1 Conference
Page 299 and 300:
12:00 Production and</stron
Page 301 and 302:
10.2 List of Participants PR of Chi
Page 303 and 304:
PR of China Ms. Qin Ai Qiong Resear
Page 305 and 306:
PR of China Mr. Yundan Deputy Direc
Page 307 and 308:
Nepal Mr. Mainali, Gopi Nath Joint
Page 309 and 310:
International Participants Dr. Kark
Page 311 and 312:
Imprint Publisher: Deutsche Gesells
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