Pastoralism and Rangeland Management on the Tibetan Plateau in ...

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started the process of de-collectivisation. For three decades some observers have noted a revival of a “nomadic way of life” 43 ; others perceive the distribution of communal livestock among households <strong>and</strong> the contracting of grassl<strong>and</strong> user rights to them as the beginning of a deregulation <strong>and</strong> privatisation in the pastoral sector. 44 For nearly two decades this strategy was the conventional approach in giving certain degrees of freedom to pastoralists. Table 2: Recent reforms affecting pastoralism on the Tibetan Plateau Comprehensive Set of Four Constructions – the “Four-Way Scheme” (sipeitao jianshe) Great Development of the West campaign (xibu da kaifa) 1996–2004 Infrastructure development <strong>and</strong> provision of services State-sponsored privatisation Since 2000 Significant support for infrastructure development <strong>and</strong> subsidies for rural uplift 43 M<strong>and</strong>erscheid 2001. 44 Goldstein & Beall 1999, Ho, 2000, Oi 1999, Yan Zhaoli et al. 2005. In the Grassl<strong>and</strong> Areas : (i) subsidised building of permanent settlements (jianshe dingju dian) <strong>and</strong> of shelters for livestock on winter pastures, (ii) erection of fences (jianshe weilan) to improve efficiency <strong>and</strong> to modernise/ rationalise animal husb<strong>and</strong>ry, (iii) construction of schools <strong>and</strong> health stations (jianshe xuexiao weisheng zhan), (iv) contracting pastures to families (bao caoyuan dao hu) Rural infrastructure 215 > > > 5. Pastoral Practices <strong>and</strong> their Transformations
Restore Pastures to Grass (tuimu huancao) as part of “Farml<strong>and</strong> to Forest” (tuigeng huanlin) policy “Grain to Green” New Grassl<strong>and</strong>s Law Ecological migration (shengtai yimin) New Tent-Dwelling Life (NTDL) project 216 2002 2003 2007–2012 2009–2012 Poverty Alleviation through Migration (yimin fupin) schemes Permanent relocation of (former) herding communities Sedentarisation of pastoralists Resettlement schemes involving concentrated settlements with infrastructural assets Centralised livestockbreeding <strong>and</strong> animal husb<strong>and</strong>ry-related extension <strong>and</strong> support services New division of labour: transforming pastoralists into labourers outside the region <strong>and</strong> into professionals in other trades than animal husb<strong>and</strong>ry Two-tier approach: environmental – to protect biodiversity <strong>and</strong> water sources, reduce overgrazing <strong>and</strong> degradation – <strong>and</strong> developmentoriented – modernisation of lifestyles <strong>and</strong> urbanisation Nearly 90 % of all Tibetan pastoralists in Sichuan province are to be settled in 1409 permanent settlements in 29 counties Source: Compiled on the basis of Banks et al. 2003, Bauer 2005, Foggin 2008, Gruschke 2008, M<strong>and</strong>erscheid 2001, Miller 2000, Richard, Yan Zhaoli <strong>and</strong> Du Guozhen 2006, Tao Lu, Wu Ning <strong>and</strong> Peng Luo 2009, Wu Ning <strong>and</strong> Yan Zhaoli 2002, Yan Zhaoli et al. 2005, Yeh 2005, <strong>and</strong> own observations
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Bonn 2011 21-25 October 2010 Region
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Contents Preface ..................
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5.3 Socio-economic Changes in Pasto
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planning and imple
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agricultural base for niche plateau
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Welcome Address by Madhav Karki, IC
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Welcome Address by Jürgen Richter,
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training and have
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Welcome Speech by Ding Ye Xian, Vic
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efforts and streng
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LRMP Land Resource
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Source: Qi Xuebin 2004 The distribu
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In addition, these formulated objec
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ditional resources that play a grow
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1 Introduction On the 18th of Janua
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the headwater areas of the Yellow R
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southern mountainous region of TAR,
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Dai, Y. Y. 2010: 2.5 billion RMB Yu
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2.2 Building the Eco-Shelter of the
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Photo 1: The water towers of humank
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Tibet’s numerous glaciers, lakes,
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Second, to earnestly carry out the
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Figure 2: Map of prefectures within
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Farmers and herdsm
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tems in Tibet, we should establish
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2.3 The Impact of Rangeland
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2 Overview of Pastures in Xinjiang
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Table 1: The coverage of different
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of the land but fe
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Table 2: Various service function v
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thousand hectares
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(2) Rangeland rest
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forage, the problem of serious wint
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3 Eco-tourism and
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1 Rangelands as na
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Holistically valuing a complex syst
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This multi-functional nature of the
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farming landscapes
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lages started in late 1990s. Before
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78 local communities must be able t
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4.2 From “protection or conservat
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82 4. Recreational venues/ tourism
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6 Conclusions Rangeland</st
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Statistics Bureau of Tibet 2010: Bu
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Photo 1: Landscape
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weather is becoming less predictabl
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3.2 Is Cow Dung used for Fuel reall
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some 20-30 tea-house trekking touri
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contributed largely by the native p
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The NTNC-ACAP with the collaboratio
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conditions and inc
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3.3 Balancing Protection an
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of the National Scenic Area List <s
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“nine arms” ( the Tashi Duo Pen
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Table 1: Rangeland
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pastoralists in the surrounding are
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Source: Bureau of Statistics Damxun
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of family income, and</stro
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get their supplies from a fixed who
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Photo 2: Prayer flags hanging r<str
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for the introduction and</s
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to control the overload of livestoc
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partnership. This approach in our v
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Source: adapted from ICIMOD 2009 Fi
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Year Total By Air By Land</
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2.1 Purpose of visit Nepal offers s
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natural and cultur
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(TAAN), Nepal Mountaineering Associ
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3 Mountain Pastoralism</str
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Lakes just a few kilometers distant
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Fielding, E., Isacks, B., Barazangi
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4 Niche Production as an Additional
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further accelerating ecosystem degr
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5 Pastoralism-base
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Photo 2: Podophyllum hexand
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Photo 5: Dactylorhiza hatagirea; a
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5.6 Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Ben
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information on value chains, build
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nonetheless to ensure that appropri
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Bhattarai, N. and
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Table 1: Rangeland
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Botanical name and
Page 165 and 166: Plant species and
Page 167 and 168: permit. Fourth, we should strengthe
Page 169 and 170: Source: Winkler, D. 2008, 2010 Figu
Page 171 and 172: Photo 2: Trading of collected Cordy
Page 173 and 174: Farmers and herdsm
Page 175 and 176: 5.3 Social problems caused by explo
Page 177 and 178: Jiang Yi, Yao Yijian 2004: An Overv
Page 179 and 180: level for making different homestea
Page 181 and 182: Photo 1: Shepherd returning with hi
Page 183 and 184: 50-200 culled buffalos are slaughte
Page 185 and 186: complementary to the surplus availa
Page 187 and 188: for celebratory and</strong
Page 189 and 190: Wool is sheared three times a year
Page 191 and 192: 2.2.9 The Community Wool Enterprise
Page 193 and 194: In the mountain areas of Northern P
Page 195 and 196: are exported in crude form i.e. in
Page 197 and 198: 3.4 Eco-tourism Products The mounta
Page 199 and 200: Ehlers, E. and H.
Page 201 and 202: 5 Pastoral Practices and</s
Page 203 and 204: and entrepreneursh
Page 205 and 206: to 4500-5300 m in altitudes where c
Page 207 and 208: pastures in summer from winter camp
Page 209 and 210: 5000 (m) 4000 3000 208 Detached mou
Page 211 and 212: 5000 (m) 4000 3000 210 Agro-pastora
Page 213 and 214: The renaissance of modernisation th
Page 215: Table 1: Initial Chinese reforms af
Page 219 and 220: 4 Resettlement Programmes The above
Page 221 and 222: 5 Future Prospects for pastoral Pra
Page 223 and 224: Benson, L. and Sva
Page 225 and 226: Tashi, Y., Chamard, P. C., Courel,
Page 227 and 228: has been put forward. The governmen
Page 229 and 230: Revolution, here, refers to the lif
Page 231 and 232: Table 2: Differentiation between ri
Page 233 and 234: angeland managemen
Page 235 and 236: Photo 1: Oat hay from Qumei Town, S
Page 237 and 238: Photo 3: Storing oat hay for market
Page 239 and 240: poverty and ecolog
Page 241 and 242: The average annual incomes of herde
Page 243 and 244: Source: Cui et al. 2011 Figure 1: L
Page 245 and 246: 3.3 Culture and ed
Page 247 and 248: formed the main basis of the total
Page 249 and 250: source of income for agro-pastoral
Page 251 and 252: ��
Page 253 and 254: Plateau. There were 2.27 million an
Page 255 and 256: 254 Improving education Migration &
Page 257 and 258: 5.4 Recent Changes in Pastoral Syst
Page 259 and 260: Figure 1: Gorno-Badakhshan - Pastur
Page 261 and 262: �� Major owners keep their anim
Page 263 and 264: Only insignificant cultivation area
Page 265 and 266: of providing animals with seasonal-
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1 Main Achievements and</st
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4. The emergence of industrial <str
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1.2 Main practices and</str
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4. Taking advantage of local resour
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much improved, the ecological envir
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shall promote the intensive use of
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education of farmers and</s
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emphasis on introduction an
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angelands in their
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7.2 Summary of Group Discussion 7.2
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8 Recommendations formulated by the
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Monitoring �� Improve instituti
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Photo 1: The Tibetan Plateau a chal
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Photo 2: Yak-breeding in Linzhou Co
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4. The way forward and</str
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10 Annexes 10.1 Conference
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12:00 Production and</stron
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10.2 List of Participants PR of Chi
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PR of China Ms. Qin Ai Qiong Resear
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PR of China Mr. Yundan Deputy Direc
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Nepal Mr. Mainali, Gopi Nath Joint
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International Participants Dr. Kark
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Imprint Publisher: Deutsche Gesells
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